scholarly journals Immune stimulation reduces sleep and memory ability in Drosophila melanogaster

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamonn Mallon ◽  
Akram Alghamdi ◽  
Robert Holdbrook ◽  
Ezio Rosato
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Night Sleep ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Neural Interactions ◽  
Aversive Classical Conditioning

Psychoneuroimmunology studies the increasing number of connections between neurobiology, immunology and behaviour. We establish Drosophila melanogaster as a tractable model in this field by demonstrating the effects of the immune response on two fundamental behaviours: sleep and memory ability. We used the Geneswitch system to upregulate peptidoglycan receptor protein (PGRP) expression, thereby stimulating the immune system in the absence of infection. Geneswitch was activated by feeding the steroid RU486, to the flies. We used an aversive classical conditioning paradigm to quantify memory and measures of activity to infer sleep. Immune stimulated flies exhibited reduced levels of sleep, which could not be explained by a generalised increase in waking activity. The effects on sleep were more pronounced for day compared to night sleep. Immune stimulated flies also showed a reduction in memory abilities. These are important results as they establish Drosophila as a model for immune-neural interactions and provide a possible role for sleep in the interplay between the immune response and memory.

scholarly journals Immune stimulation reduces sleep and memory ability in Drosophila melanogaster

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamonn B Mallon ◽  
Akram Alghamdi ◽  
Robert T.K. Holdbrook ◽  
Ezio Rosato
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Night Sleep ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Neural Interactions ◽  
Aversive Classical Conditioning

Psychoneuroimmunology studies the increasing number of connections between neurobiology, immunology and behaviour. We establish Drosophila melanogaster as a tractable model in this field by demonstrating the effects of the immune response on two fundamental behaviours: sleep and memory ability. We used the Geneswitch system to upregulate peptidoglycan receptor protein (PGRP) expression, thereby stimulating the immune system in the absence of infection. Geneswitch was activated by feeding the steroid RU486, to the flies. We used an aversive classical conditioning paradigm to quantify memory and measures of activity to infer sleep. Immune stimulated flies exhibited reduced levels of sleep, which could not be explained by a generalised increase in waking activity. The effects on sleep were more pronounced for day compared to night sleep. Immune stimulated flies also showed a reduction in memory abilities. These results establish Drosophila as a model for immune-neural interactions and suggest a possible role for sleep in the interplay between the immune response and memory.

scholarly journals Immune stimulation reduces sleep and memory ability in Drosophila melanogaster

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamonn B Mallon ◽  
Akram Alghamdi ◽  
Robert T.K. Holdbrook ◽  
Ezio Rosato
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Night Sleep ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Neural Interactions ◽  
Aversive Classical Conditioning

Psychoneuroimmunology studies the increasing number of connections between neurobiology, immunology and behaviour. We establish Drosophila melanogaster as a tractable model in this field by demonstrating the effects of the immune response on two fundamental behaviours: sleep and memory ability. We used the Geneswitch system to upregulate peptidoglycan receptor protein (PGRP) expression, thereby stimulating the immune system in the absence of infection. Geneswitch was activated by feeding the steroid RU486, to the flies. We used an aversive classical conditioning paradigm to quantify memory and measures of activity to infer sleep. Immune stimulated flies exhibited reduced levels of sleep, which could not be explained by a generalised increase in waking activity. The effects on sleep were more pronounced for day compared to night sleep. Immune stimulated flies also showed a reduction in memory abilities. These results establish Drosophila as a model for immune-neural interactions and suggest a possible role for sleep in the interplay between the immune response and memory.

scholarly journals Increasing adult density compromises anti-bacterial defense in Drosophila melanogaster

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paresh Nath Das ◽  
Aabeer Kumar Basu ◽  
Nagaraj Guru Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Adult Density ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Adult Drosophila

The density-dependent prophylaxis hypothesis predicts that risk of pathogen transmission increases with increase in population density, and in response to this, organisms mount a prophylactic immune response when exposed to high density. This prophylactic response is expected to help organisms improve their chances of survival when exposed to pathogens. Alternatively, organisms living at high densities can exhibit compromised defense against pathogens due to lack of resources and density associated physiological stress; the density stress hypothesis. We housed adult Drosophila melanogaster flies at different densities and measured the effect this has on their post-infection survival and resistance to starvation. We find that flies housed at higher densities show greater mortality after being infected with bacterial pathogens, while also exhibiting increased resistance to starvation. Our results are more in line with the density-stress hypothesis that postulates a compromised immune system when hosts are subjected to high densities.

scholarly journals Comparison of Immune Response between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 Infection, Perspective on Vaccine Design and Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hossein Ansariniya ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Seifati ◽  
Erfan Zaker ◽  
Fateme Zare
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Vaccines

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are the three epidemiological diseases caused by the Coronaviridae family. Perceiving the immune responses in these infections and the escape of viruses could help us design drugs and vaccines for confronting these infections. This review investigates the innate and adaptive immune responses reported in the infections of the three coronaviruses SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Moreover, the present study can trigger researchers to design and develop new vaccines and drugs based on immune system responses. In conclusion, due to the need for an effective and efficient immune stimulation against coronavirus, a combination of several strategies seems necessary for developing the vaccine.

scholarly journals Sex-specific variation in the emphasis, inducibility and timing of the post-mating immune response in Drosophila melanogaster

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1659) ◽  
pp. 1109-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade E Winterhalter ◽  
Kenneth M Fedorka
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Defence Genes ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Males And Females

Ecological immunology attempts to explain variation in immune function. Much of this work makes predictions about how potential hosts should invest in overall immunity. However, this ‘overall’ perspective under-emphasizes other critical aspects, such as the specificity, inducibility and timing of an immune response. Here, we investigate these aspects by examining gene regulation across several immune system components in both male and female Drosophila melanogaster prior to and after mating. To elucidate potentially important temporal dynamics, we also assayed several genes over time. We found that males and females emphasized different components of their immune system, however overall investment was similar. Specifically, the sexes emphasized different gene paralogues within major gene families, and males tended to invest more in gram-negative defence. By contrast, the inducibility of the immune response was both transient (lasting approx. 24 hours) and equal between the sexes. Furthermore, mating tended to induce humoral gene upregulation, while cell-mediated genes were unaffected. Within the humoral system, gram-negative bacterial defence genes exhibited a greater inducibility than those associated with fungal or gram-positive bacterial defence. Our results suggest that variation in the effectiveness of the immune response between the sexes may be driven by differences in emphasis rather than overall investment.

scholarly journals Drosophila melanogaster Mounts a Unique Immune Response to the Rhabdovirus Sigma virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 3251-3256 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Tsai ◽  
E. A. McGraw ◽  
E.-D. Ammar ◽  
R. G. Dietzgen ◽  
S. A. Hogenhout
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Disease Agent ◽  
Sigma Virus ◽  
Attacin A ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACT Rhabdoviruses are important pathogens of humans, livestock, and plants that are often vectored by insects. Rhabdovirus particles have a characteristic bullet shape with a lipid envelope and surface-exposed transmembrane glycoproteins. Sigma virus (SIGMAV) is a member of the Rhabdoviridae and is a naturally occurring disease agent of Drosophila melanogaster. The infection is maintained in Drosophila populations through vertical transmission via germ cells. We report here the nature of the Drosophila innate immune response to SIGMAV infection as revealed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis of differentially expressed genes identified by microarray analysis. We have also compared and contrasted the immune response of the host with respect to two nonenveloped viruses, Drosophila C virus (DCV) and Drosophila X virus (DXV). We determined that SIGMAV infection upregulates expression of the peptidoglycan receptor protein genes PGRP-SB1 and PGRP-SD and the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes Diptericin-A, Attacin-A, Attacin-B, Cecropin-A1, and Drosocin. SIGMAV infection did not induce PGRP-SA and the AMP genes Drosomycin-B, Metchnikowin, and Defensin that are upregulated in DCV and/or DXV infections. Expression levels of the Toll and Imd signaling cascade genes are not significantly altered by SIGMAV infection. These results highlight shared and unique aspects of the Drosophila immune response to the three viruses and may shed light on the nature of the interaction with the host and the evolution of these associations.

scholarly journals Royal decree: gene expression in transgenerationally immune primed bumblebee workers mimics a primary immune response

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth M Barribeau ◽  
Paul Schmid-Hempel ◽  
Ben M Sadd
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
Immune Priming

Invertebrates lack the cellular and physiological machinery of the adaptive immune system, but show specificity in their immune response [1, 2] and immune priming [3-11]. Functionally, immune priming is comparable to immune memory in vertebrates. Individuals that have survived exposure to a given parasite are better protected against subsequent exposures. Protection may be cross-reactive (e.g. [12]), but demonstrations of persistent and specific protection in invertebrates are increasing [3, 5]. This immune priming can cross generations ("trans-generational" immune priming) [4, 8], preparing offspring for the prevailing parasite environment. While these phenomena gain increasing support, the mechanistic foundations underlying such immune priming, both within and across generations, remain largely unknown. Using a transcriptomic approach, we show a bacterial challenge to bumblebee queens, known to induce trans-generational immune priming, alters daughter (worker) gene expression. Daughters, even when unchallenged themselves, constitutively express a core set of the genes induced upon direct bacterial exposure, including high expression of antimicrobial peptides, a beta-glucan receptor protein implicated in bacterial recognition and the induction of the toll signaling pathway[13], and slit-3 which is important in honeybee immunity[14]. Maternal challenge results in a distinct upregulation of their daughters' immune system, with a signature overlapping with the induced individual response to a direct immune challenge. This will mediate mother-offspring protection, but also associated costs related to reconfiguration of constitutive immune expression. Identification of conserved immune pathways in memory-like responses has important implications for our understanding of the innate immune system, including the innate components in vertebrates, which share many of these pathways[15].

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