scholarly journals Neuroanatomical diversity of corpus callosum and brain volume in the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (Abide) project

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Lefebvre ◽  
Anita Beggiato ◽  
Thomas Bourgeron ◽  
Roberto Toro
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Intelligence Scores ◽  
The Brain

The corpus callosum -- the main pathway for long-distance inter-hemispheric integration in the human brain -- has been frequently reported to be smaller among autistic patients compared with non-autistic controls. We conducted a meta-analysis of the literature which suggested a statistically significant difference. However, the studies included were heavily underpowered: on average only 20% power to detect differences of 0.3 standard deviations, which makes it difficult to establish the reality of such a difference. We therefore studied the size of the corpus callosum among 694 subjects (328 patients, 366 controls) from the Abide cohort. Despite having achieved 99% power to detect statistically significant differences of 0.3 standard deviations, we did not observe any. To better understand the neuroanatomical diversity of the corpus callosum, and the possible reasons for the previous findings, we analysed the relationship between its size, the size of the brain, intracranial volume and intelligence scores. The corpus callosum appeared to scale non-linearly with brain size, with large brains having a proportionally smaller corpus callosum. Additionally, intelligence scores correlated with brain volume among controls but the correlation was significantly weaker among patients. We used simulations to determine to which extent these two effects could lead to artefactual differences in corpus callosum size within populations. We observed that, were there a difference in brain volume between cases and controls, normalising corpus callosum size by brain volume would not eliminate the brain volume effect, but adding brain volume as a covariate in a linear model would. Finally, we observed that because of the weaker correlation of intelligence scores and brain volume among patients, matching populations by intelligence scores could result in a bias towards including more patients with large brain volumes, inducing an artificial difference. Overall, our results highlight the necessity for open data sharing efforts such as Abide to provide a more solid ground for the discovery of neuroimaging biomarkers, within the context of the wide human neuroanatomical diversity.

scholarly journals Intracranial Brain Volume (ICV) Measurement in Epileptic Male Patient: A 3D CT Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Lubna Shirin ◽  
Nor Farid Mohammed Noor ◽  
Tahamina Begum ◽  
Hadif Zaidin Samsudin ◽  
Rehana Basri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Volume ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Reliability Test ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Test Results ◽  
3D Ct ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Patients

Objective: Intracranial volume (ICV) is one of the reliable indicators of neurodegenerative disease and premature brain size. Epilepsy is considered a neurological disorder. We aimed to measure ICV in epileptic male samples to identify the relation of ICV and epilepsy control status for their better treatment purpose. Methods: This retrospective study was done using CT images of age-matched control and epileptic male samples. All samples were collected from the archive of the Department of Radiology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) from the 2010-2017 period. A total of 34 male samples were used for this study in two groups, control (n=17) and epileptic (n=17) groups. Control males were those who came for the CT scan and no disease was found. And epileptic male patients were those who came for routine checkups due to epilepsy. MITK 3M3 software was used for the ICV measurement. 2D CT images were converted to 3D CT images to measure intracranial brain volume (ICV) in each group. Two reviewers measured ICV and a reliability test was done between reviewers. Results: According to first reviewer, there is no significant (p=0.455) difference between control, (1287.82 (151.79) mm) and epileptic (1283.28 (65.48) mm) male groups. Results of second reviewer also showed no significant difference (p=0.400) between control (1299.58(144.81)) mm and epileptic (1283.88 (76.08)) groups. Average measurements also did not reveal any significant difference between groups, control is 1293.7 (144.81) mm and the epilepsy group is 1283.58 (69.90) mm (p=0.114). Reliability test results revealed an acceptable internal consistency level in control (97%, p<0.001) and epileptic (77%, p=0.003) groups. Conclusion: We concluded that epilepsy does not affect ICV in the male population. Further study is recommended to seek other indicators which might be affected by epilepsy in the male population. J MEDICINE 2021; 22: 95-99

Intracranial compartment volumes in patients with enlarged ventricles assessed by magnetic resonance—based image processing

1996 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 972-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsunori Matsumae ◽  
Ron Kikinis ◽  
István Mórocz ◽  
Antonio V. Lorenzo ◽  
Marilyn S. Albert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Obstructive Hydrocephalus ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Brain

✓ Magnetic resonance image—based computerized segmentation was used to measure the volumes of the brain, gray and white matter components, and to identify regions with prolonged enhancement on T2-weighted imaging, such as periventricular or deep white matter hyperintensities. The authors also determined the volumes of the ventricles and subarachnoid space in control subjects and in patients with: 1) aqueductal stenosis (AS); 2) other causes of obstructive hydrocephalus (OH); 3) Alzheimer's disease (AD); and 4) normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). In AS the volume of the brain was smaller, whereas that of ventricles and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid space was larger than that of controls. The decrease in brain volume was due primarily to white matter loss. Although in OH the ventricles were larger, the subarachnoid space was smaller than in controls, presumably due to encroachment by the brain, in which the volume remained unchanged. In AD, loss of both gray and white matter resulted in a smaller brain volume, whereas that of ventricles and subarachnoid space was larger than in controls. In NPH patients, only ventricular volume was greater, whereas all other compartments were similar to controls. The brain normally occupies 87% to 92% of the intracranial volume and consequently, as observed in our patients, relatively small decrements in brain size lead to large increments in ventricular and/or extraventricular volumes. The magnitude of such changes differed markedly among our patient groups, and whether such changes prove useful in clinical assessment and differentiation needs to be determined.

On the anatomic relation of choroid plexus to brain: a comparative study

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (1) ◽  
pp. R76-R81 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Cserr ◽  
M. Bundgaard ◽  
J. K. Ashby ◽  
M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Original Proposal ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Choroid Plexuses ◽  
The Brain

The size of choroid plexuses and cerebral ventricles relative to brain varies widely among vertebrates. The functional significance of this variability has attracted little attention since Herrick's original proposal that large choroid plexuses might enhance oxygen delivery to the brain and therefore be of adaptive value in the transition of vertebrates from water to air breathing. We compared choroid plexus and brain weight or ventricular and brain volume in 40 species from nine vertebrate groups. Both choroid plexus weight and ventricular volume were unrelated to brain size. Plexus weight ranged from 0 to 5.2% of brain weight and ventricular volume from 0.9 to 132% of brain volume. Amid this diversity the dipnoans, chondrosteans, holosteans, amphibians, and crossopterygian examined in this study are exceptional in uniformly having large plexuses. The adaptive significance of large choroid plexuses may lie in the presence of specific homeostatic mechanisms and their role in the response to the increases in PCO2 that accompany the transition to air breathing.

Longitudinal Brain Size Measurements in App/Ps1 Transgenic Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. MRI.S5885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor J. Vincent ◽  
Jonathan D. Thiessen ◽  
Laryssa M. Kurjewicz ◽  
Shelley L. Germscheid ◽  
Allan J. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Size ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Mutant Form ◽  
Swedish Mutation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lateral Width ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
The Brain

There appear to be species differences among the effects of gene mutations related to familial Alzheimer's disease on the brain during aging. To gain a better understanding of the effects of the Swedish mutation of amyloid precursor protein and the mutant form of human presenilin 1 on mice, commercially available mice from Jackson Laboratory were studied. Three dimensional T2*-weighted imaging was used to monitor the size of brains of APP/PS1 mice monthly, from 6 to 13 months of age. No significant difference was measured in the size of the medial-lateral width, dorsal-ventral height, rostral-caudal length or the volume of the APPSwe/ PS1 mouse brain. Faster and higher-resolution imaging methods are needed to accurately determine if small volume or shape changes occur in mouse brains with age or gene mutations.

On the microstructural origin of brain white matter hydraulic permeability

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (36) ◽  
pp. e2105328118
Author(s):  
Marco Vidotto ◽  
Andrea Bernardini ◽  
Marco Trovatelli ◽  
Elena De Momi ◽  
Daniele Dini
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Drug Transport ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hydraulic Permeability ◽  
Convection Enhanced Delivery ◽  
Brain White Matter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Brain

Brain microstructure plays a key role in driving the transport of drug molecules directly administered to the brain tissue, as in Convection-Enhanced Delivery procedures. The proposed research analyzes the hydraulic permeability of two white matter (WM) areas (corpus callosum and fornix) whose three-dimensional microstructure was reconstructed starting from the acquisition of electron microscopy images. We cut the two volumes with 20 equally spaced planes distributed along two perpendicular directions, and, on each plane, we computed the corresponding permeability vector. Then, we considered that the WM structure is mainly composed of elongated and parallel axons, and, using a principal component analysis, we defined two principal directions, parallel and perpendicular, with respect to the axons’ main direction. The latter were used to define a reference frame onto which the permeability vectors were projected to finally obtain the permeability along the parallel and perpendicular directions. The results show a statistically significant difference between parallel and perpendicular permeability, with a ratio of about two in both the WM structures analyzed, thus demonstrating their anisotropic behavior. Moreover, we find a significant difference between permeability in corpus callosum and fornix, which suggests that the WM heterogeneity should also be considered when modeling drug transport in the brain. Our findings, which demonstrate and quantify the anisotropic and heterogeneous character of the WM, represent a fundamental contribution not only for drug-delivery modeling, but also for shedding light on the interstitial transport mechanisms in the extracellular space.

scholarly journals Effect sizes and meta-analysis indicate no sex dimorphism in the human or rodent corpus callosum

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
Douglas Wahlsten ◽  
Katherine M. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sex Dimorphism ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Average Size

Sex dimorphism occurs when group means differ by four or more standard deviations. However, the average size of the corpus callosum is greater in males by about one standard deviation in rats, 0.2 standard deviation in humans, and virtually zero in mice. Furthermore, variations in corpus callosum size are related to brain size and are not sex specific.

scholarly journals Reduced Brain Volume and White Matter Alterations in Shank3-Deficient Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Esther Meyer Golden ◽  
Victoria X Wang ◽  
Hala Harony-Nicolas ◽  
Patrick R. Hof ◽  
Joseph Buxbaum
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Microstructural Alterations ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: Mutations and deletions in the SHANK3 synaptic gene cause the major neurodevelopmental features of Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). The SHANK3 gene encodes a key structural component of excitatory synapses that is important for synaptogenesis. PMS is characterized by intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, cognitive deficits, physical dysmorphic features, sensory hyporeactivity, and alterations in the size of multiple brain regions. Clinical assessments and limited imaging studies have revealed a reduction in volume of multiple brain regions. They have also found white matter thinning and microstructural alterations to be persistent in patients with PMS. While many of these impairments have been replicated in mouse models of PMS, the brain structure of a rat model has not yet been studied. Methods: We assessed the brain structure of haploinsufficient and homozygous Shank3-deficient rats that model the behavioral deficits of PMS with magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging, and compared their brain structure to wild type littermates.Results: Both gray and white matter structures were smaller in Shank3-deficient rats, leading to an overall reduction in brain size compared to wild type littermates. The largest region to be diminished in size was the neocortex. Some regions involved in sensory processing and white matter regions were also reduced in size. Lastly, the microstructure of two white matter tracts, the external capsule and fornix, was abnormal.Conclusions: Shank3-deficient rats replicate the reduced brain volume and altered white matter phenotypes present in individuals with PMS. Therefore, the brain regions that were altered represent potential cross-species structural biomarkers that warrant further study.

scholarly journals Comparative brain analysis of wild and hatchery reared Mahseer (Tor putitora) relative to their body weight and length

2022 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ullah ◽  
I. Ullah ◽  
M. Israr ◽  
A. Rasool ◽  
F. Akbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Wild Stock ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tor Putitora ◽  
Discriminate Function Analysis ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The present study was aimed at comparing the brain size of mahseer (Tor putitora) in relation to their body weight and standard length, to investigate the potential impact of rearing environment on brain development in fish. The weight of the brain and three of its subdivisions cerebellum (CB), optic tectum (OT), and telencephalon (TC) were measured for both wild and hatchery-reared fish. The data was analysed using multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and discriminate function analysis (DFA). We found the fish reared under hatchery conditions exhibit smaller brain size related to body weight, when compared to the wild ones. A significant (p<0.5) difference was observed in the length of CB and OT concerning the standard body length while no significant difference was found in TC of the fish from both the origins. The results of the current study highlight a logical assumption that neural deficiency affects the behaviour of fish, that’s why the captive-reared fish show maladaptive response and face fitness decline when released to the natural environment for wild stock enhancement. The current study concluded that hatchery-reared fish exhibit variations in gross brain morphology as compared to their wild counterpart.

scholarly journals Magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum abnormalities in patients with different subtypes of schizophrenia

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Ebru Unlu ◽  
Erman Bagcioglu ◽  
Mehtap B Acay ◽  
Emre Kacar ◽  
Ozan Turamanlar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Total Brain Volume ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Significant Difference

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Reductions in the size of the corpus callosum (CC) have been described for schizophrenia patients, but little is known about the possible regional differences in schizophrenia subtypes (paranoid, disorganised, undifferentiated, residual). </p><p><strong>Methods. </strong>We recruited 58 chronically schizophrenic patients with different subtypes, and 31 age-and-gender matched healthy controls. The callosum was extracted from a midsagittal slice from T1 weighted magnetic resonance images, and areas of the total CC, its five subregions, CC length and total brain volume were compared between schizophrenia subtypes and controls. Five subregions were approximately matched to fibre pathways from cortical regions. </p><p><span><strong>Results. </strong>Schizophrenia patients had reduced CC total area and length when compared with controls. Disorganised and undifferentiated schizophrenics had a smaller prefrontal area, while there was no significant difference for the paranoid and residual groups. The premotor/supplementary motor area was smaller in all schizophrenia subtypes. The motor area was smaller only in the disorganised group. A smaller sensory area was found in all subtypes except the residual group. Parietal, temporal and occipital areas were smaller in the paranoid and undifferentiated groups. Total brain volume was smaller in all schizophrenia subtypes compared with controls, but did not reach statistical significance. </span></p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>These findings suggest that the heterogeneity of symptoms may lead to the different CC morphological characteristics in schizophrenia subtypes.</p>

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