scholarly journals Population genomics ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaehuman isolates: passengers, colonizers, invaders.

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta De Filippo ◽  
Monica Di Paola ◽  
Irene Stefanini ◽  
Lisa Rizzetto ◽  
Luisa Berná ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Clonal Expansion ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Inflammatory Signals ◽  
Immune Phenotyping ◽  
Yeast Interaction

The quest for the ecological niches ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeranged from wineries to oaks and more recently to the gut of Crabro Wasps. Here we propose the role of the human gut in shapingS. cerevisiaeevolution, presenting the genetic structure of a previously unknown population of yeasts, associated with Crohn?s disease, providing evidence for clonal expansion within human?s gut. To understand the role of immune function in the human-yeast interaction we classified strains according to their immunomodulatory properties, discovering a set of genetically homogeneous isolates, capable of inducing anti-inflammatory signals via regulatory T cells proliferation, and on the contrary, a positive association between strain mosaicism and ability to elicit inflammatory, IL-17 driven, immune responses. The approach integrating genomics with immune phenotyping showed selection on genes involved in sporulation and cell wall remodeling as central for the evolution ofS. cerevisiaeCrohn?s strains from passengers to commensals to potential pathogens.

scholarly journals Role of Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Kit Au ◽  
Tin Lok Lai ◽  
Cheuk Wan Yim
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Future Role ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Rheumatic Manifestations

AbstractMajority of rheumatic diseases are complex and multifactorial in etiology. Emerging studies has suggested that the change of human microbiota, especially in the gut, play a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. Dysequilibrium of the gut microbiota triggers the imbalance between pro- and anti- inflammatory immune responses and results in different rheumatic manifestations, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA). In this article, current and future role of the human gut microbiota in rheumatic diseases are discussed.

scholarly journals Immune Aspects and Myometrial Actions of Progesterone and CRH in Labor

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Vrachnis ◽  
Fotodotis M. Malamas ◽  
Stavros Sifakis ◽  
Panayiotis Tsikouras ◽  
Zoe Iliodromiti
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Progesterone Receptors ◽  
Human Myometrium ◽  
Myometrial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Signals ◽  
Progesterone Metabolism ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Progesterone and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) have a critical role in pregnancy and labor, as changes related to these hormones are crucial for the transition from myometrial quiescence to contractility. The mechanisms related to their effect differ between humans and other species, thus, despite extensive research, many questions remain to be answered regarding their mediation in human labor. Immune responses to progesterone and CRH are important for labor. Progesterone acts as an immunomodulator which controls many immune actions during pregnancy, and its withdrawal releases the inhibitory action on inflammatory pathways. In humans, a “functional” progesterone withdrawal occurs with onset of labor through changes in progesterone metabolism, progesterone receptors, and other molecules that either facilitate or antagonize progesterone function. Placental CRH acts on the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis to stimulate adrenal production of androgens and cortisol and also acts directly on myometrial cells via its receptors. CRH also affects inflammatory signals and vice versa. Interactions between progesterone and CRH additionally occur during labor. We describe the role of these two hormones in human myometrium and their interactions with the immune system during labor.

scholarly journals Histamine: A Bacterial Signal Molecule

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6312
Author(s):  
Tino Krell ◽  
José A. Gavira ◽  
Félix Velando ◽  
Matilde Fernández ◽  
Amalia Roca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Signal Molecule ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Higher Doses

Bacteria have evolved sophisticated signaling mechanisms to coordinate interactions with organisms of other domains, such as plants, animals and human hosts. Several important signal molecules have been identified that are synthesized by members of different domains and that play important roles in inter-domain communication. In this article, we review recent data supporting that histamine is a signal molecule that may play an important role in inter-domain and inter-species communication. Histamine is a key signal molecule in humans, with multiple functions, such as being a neurotransmitter or modulator of immune responses. More recent studies have shown that bacteria have evolved different mechanisms to sense histamine or histamine metabolites. Histamine sensing in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to trigger chemoattraction to histamine and to regulate the expression of many virulence-related genes. Further studies have shown that many bacteria are able to synthesize and secrete histamine. The release of histamine by bacteria in the human gut was found to modulate the host immune responses and, at higher doses, to result in host pathologies. The elucidation of the role of histamine as an inter-domain signaling molecule is an emerging field of research and future investigation is required to assess its potential general nature.

scholarly journals New insights into the interactions between Blastocystis, the gut microbiota, and host immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. e1009253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Deng ◽  
Lukasz Wojciech ◽  
Nicholas R. J. Gascoigne ◽  
Guangneng Peng ◽  
Kevin S. W. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Common Component ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Immunological Homeostasis ◽  
Potential Interactions

The human gut microbiota is a diverse and complex ecosystem that is involved in beneficial physiological functions as well as disease pathogenesis. Blastocystis is a common protistan parasite and is increasingly recognized as an important component of the gut microbiota. The correlations between Blastocystis and other communities of intestinal microbiota have been investigated, and, to a lesser extent, the role of this parasite in maintaining the host immunological homeostasis. Despite recent studies suggesting that Blastocystis decreases the abundance of beneficial bacteria, most reports indicate that Blastocystis is a common component of the healthy gut microbiome. This review covers recent finding on the potential interactions between Blastocystis and the gut microbiota communities and its roles in regulating host immune responses.

Role of convalescent plasma therapy in new Coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19): A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 546-549
Author(s):  
Shweta Dadarao Parwe ◽  
Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha ◽  
Rishikesh Thakre
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transparent Liquid

Hitherto, there is no proper line of treatment for the new (nCOVID19). The development of unique antiviral drugs has taken precedence. Therapeutic antibodies () will be a significantly beneficial agent against nCOVID-19. Here the host immune responses to new discussed in this review provide strategy and further treatment and understanding of clinical interventions against nCOVID-19. Plasma therapy uses the antibodies found in the blood of people recovering (or convalesced) from an infection to treat infected patients. When an infection occurs, the body begins producing proteins specially made to kill the germ, called antibodies. Those antibodies coat specifically plasma in the blood of survivors, the yellow transparent liquid blood portion for months or even years. research assesses plasma use from Convalescent patients of infected with nCOVID-19 as a possible preventive treatment. But it is not yet recommended as a line of treatment, and it is used as a clinical trial in the new in Indian population.

Gut Mycobiota and Fungal Metabolites in Human Homeostasis

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabella Mogilnicka ◽  
Marcin Ufnal
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Fecal Transplantation ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Background:Accumulating evidence suggests that microbiota play an important role in host’s homeostasis. Thus far, researchers have mostly focused on the role of bacterial microbiota. However, human gut is a habitat for several fungal species, which produce numerous metabolites. Furthermore, various types of food and beverages are rich in a wide spectrum of fungi and their metabolites.Methods:We searched PUBMED and Google Scholar databases to identify clinical and pre-clinical studies on fungal metabolites, composition of human mycobiota and fungal dysbiosis.Results:Fungal metabolites may serve as signaling molecules and exert significant biological effects including trophic, anti-inflammatory or antibacterial actions. Finally, research suggests an association between shifts in gut fungi composition and human health. Changes in mycobiota composition have been found in obesity, hepatitis and inflammatory bowel diseases.Conclusion:The influence of mycobiota and dietary fungi on homeostasis in mammals suggests a pharmacotherapeutic potential of modulating the mycobiota which may include treatment with probiotics and fecal transplantation. Furthermore, antibacterial action of fungi-derived molecules may be considered as a substitution for currently used antibacterial agents and preservatives in food industry.

CEO and CFO Equity Incentives and the Pricing of Audit Services

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Anthony Billings ◽  
Xinghua Gao ◽  
Yonghong Jia
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Audit Risk ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Equity Incentives ◽  
Accounting Scandals ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Distinctive Role

SUMMARY: The alleged perverse role of managerial incentives in accounting scandals, and the distinctive role of auditors in identifying and intervening in attempted earnings manipulation, highlight the importance of explicitly considering executive incentive plans by auditors in the auditing process. By empirically testing auditors' responses to CEO/CFO equity incentives in planning and pricing decisions using data from 2002 through 2009, we document compelling evidence that CFO equity incentives are positively associated with audit fees and CEO equity incentives are not statistically related to audit fees, suggesting that auditors perceive heightened audit risk associated with CFO equity incentives. Our further analyses reveal that the positive association between CFO equity incentives and audit fees is more pronounced in firms with weak internal controls, indicating heightened risk associated with CFO equity incentives in this setting perceived by auditors. JEL Classifications: G30, G34, M42, M52.

scholarly journals Shigella-mediated immunosuppression in the human gut: subversion extends from innate to adaptive immune responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1317-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Brunner ◽  
Fatoumata Samassa ◽  
Philippe J. Sansonetti ◽  
Armelle Phalipon
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune
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