scholarly journals Penile Embryology and Anatomy

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1174-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny H. Yiee ◽  
Laurence S. Baskin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Erectile Tissue ◽  
Corpora Cavernosa ◽  
Dorsal Vein ◽  
Skin Sensation ◽  
Pediatric Urologist ◽  
Dorsal Nerves

Knowledge of penile embryology and anatomy is essential to any pediatric urologist in order to fully understand and treat congenital anomalies. Sex differentiation of the external genitalia occurs between the 7thand 17thweeks of gestation. The Y chromosome initiates male differentiation through the SRY gene, which triggers testicular development. Under the influence of androgens produced by the testes, external genitalia then develop into the penis and scrotum. Dorsal nerves supply penile skin sensation and lie within Buck's fascia. These nerves are notably absent at the 12 o'clock position. Perineal nerves supply skin sensation to the ventral shaft skin and frenulum. Cavernosal nerves lie within the corpora cavernosa and are responsible for sexual function. Paired cavernosal, dorsal, and bulbourethral arteries have extensive anastomotic connections. During erection, the cavernosal artery causes engorgement of the cavernosa, while the deep dorsal artery leads to glans enlargement. The majority of venous drainage occurs through a single, deep dorsal vein into which multiple emissary veins from the corpora and circumflex veins from the spongiosum drain. The corpora cavernosa and spongiosum are all made of spongy erectile tissue. Buck's fascia circumferentially envelops all three structures, splitting into two leaves ventrally at the spongiosum. The male urethra is composed of six parts: bladder neck, prostatic, membranous, bulbous, penile, and fossa navicularis. The urethra receives its blood supply from both proximal and distal directions.

scholarly journals Specific morphogenetic events in mouse external genitalia sex differentiation are responsive/dependent upon androgens and/or estrogens

2012 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esequiel Rodriguez ◽  
Dana A. Weiss ◽  
Max Ferretti ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Julia Menshenia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia

Diagnostic strategy of the pediatric urologist-andrologist when examining a newborn with sex differentiation disorders

Urologiia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6_2020 ◽  
pp. 170-173
Author(s):  
L.A. Deryugina Deryugina ◽  
N.V. Bolotova Bolotova ◽  
N.Y. Raigorodskaya Raigorodskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Diagnostic Strategy ◽  
Pediatric Urologist

scholarly journals Minipuberty: Looking Back to Understand Moving Forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lucaccioni ◽  
Viola Trevisani ◽  
Alessandra Boncompagni ◽  
Lucia Marrozzini ◽  
Alberto Berardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Related Pattern

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activation occurs three times in life: the first is during fetal life, and has a crucial role in sex determination, the second time is during the first postnatal months of life, and the third is with the onset of puberty. These windows of activation recall the three windows of the “Developmental Origin of Health and Disease” (DOHaD) paradigm and may play a substantial role in several aspects of human development, such as growth, behavior, and neurodevelopment. From the second trimester of pregnancy there is a peak in gonadotropin levels, followed by a decrease toward term and complete suppression at birth. This is due to the negative feedback of placental estrogens. Studies have shown that in this prenatal HPG axis activation, gonadotropin levels display a sex-related pattern which plays a crucial role in sex differentiation of internal and external genitalia. Soon after birth, there is a new increase in LH, FSH, and sex hormone concentrations, both in males and females, due to HPG re-activation. This postnatal activation is known as “minipuberty.” The HPG axis activity in infancy demonstrates a pulsatile pattern with hormone levels similar to those of true puberty. We review the studies on the changes of these hormones in infancy and their influence on several aspects of future development, from linear growth to fertility and neurobehavior.

Severe Case of Male External Genitalia Injury in a Poly-Traumatized Patient

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-155
Author(s):  
F. Venzano ◽  
A. Simonato ◽  
C. Ambruosi ◽  
T. Montanaro ◽  
M. Orlandini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Result ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Perineal Wound ◽  
Severe Case ◽  
Corpora Cavernosa ◽  
Motorcycle Accident ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Male External Genitalia ◽  
Urethral Rupture

We describe the case of a 34-year-old patient, polytraumatized during a motorcycle accident. The patient reported complete urethral rupture, bilateral avulsion of the testes by the scrotum, subtotal avulsion with complete amputation of the corpora cavernosa, and a deep open perineal wound. The reconstruction, performed by urologists, was postponed to the following day to ensure high standard of treatment with appropriate tools. This choice has yielded a good aesthetic and functional result.

scholarly journals Prenatal low-dose methyltestosterone, but not dihydrotestosterone, treatment induces penile formation in female mice and guinea pigs†

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 1248-1260
Author(s):  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
John Lawless ◽  
Zhengui Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Androgen Receptors ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Genital Tubercle

Abstract Genital tubercle has bisexual potential before sex differentiation. Females exposed to androgen during sex differentiation show masculinized external genitalia, but the effects of different androgens on tubular urethral and penile formation in females are mostly unknown. In this study, we compared the masculinization effects of commonly used androgens methyltestosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and testosterone on the induction of penile formation in females. Our results suggested that prenatal treatment with low doses of methyltestosterone, but not same doses of dihydrotestosterone or testosterone, could induce penile formation in female mice. The minimum dose of dihydrotestosterone and testosterone for inducing tubular urethral formation in female mice was, respectively, 50 and 20 times higher than that of methyltestosterone. In vivo methyltestosterone treatment induced more nuclear translocation of androgen receptors in genital tubercles of female mice, affected Wnt signaling gene expressions, and then led to similar patterns of cell proliferation and death in developing genital tubercles to those of control males. We further revealed that low-dose methyltestosterone, but not same dose of dihydrotestosterone or testosterone, treatment induced penile formation in female guinea pigs. Exposure of female mouse genital tubercle organ culture to methyltestosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or testosterone could induce nuclear translocation of androgen receptors, suggesting that the differential effect of the three androgens in vivo might be due to the hormonal profile in mother or fetus, rather than the local genital tissue. To understand the differential role of these androgens in masculinization process involved is fundamental to androgen replacement therapy for diseases related to external genital masculinization.

THE TESTIS IN PATIENTS WITH ABNORMALITIES OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION. HISTOLOGY AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION

1973 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sandrini Neto ◽  
M. A. Rivarola ◽  
R. Coco ◽  
C. Bergadá
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Female External Genitalia

ABSTRACT Testicular function was studied in 18 patients with abnormalities of sexual differentiation. Fourteen patients were prepubertal and four postpubertal. Plasma testosterone was determined before and after 5000 IU HCG administered daily during 5' days. Of the fourteen prepubertal patients, the two true hermaphrodites and the patient with asymmetrical gonadal differentiation showed a poor response to gonadotrophin stimulation. This could be explained by the small amount of active testicular tissue or its coexistence with ovarian and rudimentary gonadal tissue which might exert some influence on the endocrine function of the testis. In the group of eight patients with male pseudo-hermaphroditism and ambiguous external genitalia, the response to HCG showed a large variation. The three patients with small testes had lowest values i. e. 210, 198 and 192 ng/100 ml. The remaining five patients showed normal values ranging between 360 and 720 ng/100 ml. The ambiguous external genitalia of these patients could be explained as being due to a diminished androgen target organ sensitivity limited to the external genitalia. The three prepubertal patients with male pseudo-hermaphroditism and female external genitalia showed a marked increase in plasma testosterone with HCG ranging between 598 and 1100 ng/100 ml. The four pubertal cases also had high values in basal conditions, between 920 and 1870, which increased even more after gonadotrophin stimulation, in one case from 1382 to 2264 ng/100 ml. This hypersensitivity to exogenous HCG, even in infancy, correlates with the elevated basal values observed in adult patients with otherwise female external genitalia and androgen insensitivity. Finally, the HCG stimulation test could be useful for the demonstration of testicular tissue in prepubertal patient with abnormalities of sexual differentiation, although it cannot be used as a prognosis of masculinization or feminization at puberty.

scholarly journals Cell-Mass Structures Expressing the Aromatase Gene Cyp19a1 Lead to Ovarian Cavities in Xenopus laevis

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (10) ◽  
pp. 3996-4005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuuji Mawaribuchi ◽  
Nozomi Ikeda ◽  
Kazuko Fujitani ◽  
Yuzuru Ito ◽  
Yasuko Onuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Morphological Aspect ◽  
Aromatase Gene ◽  
Line Structure ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic Expression ◽  
Sex Determination System

Abstract The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, has a ZZ/ZW-type sex-determination system. We previously reported that a W-linked gene, Dm-W, can determine development as a female. However, the mechanisms of early sex differentiation remain unclear. We used microarrays to screen for genes with sexually dimorphic expression in ZZ and ZW gonads during early sex differentiation in X laevis and found several steroidogenic genes. Importantly, the steroid 17α-hydroxylase gene Cyp17a1 and the aromatase gene Cyp19a1 were highly expressed in ZZ and ZW gonads, respectively, just after sex determination. At this stage, we found that Cyp17a1, Cyp19a1, or both were expressed in the ZZ and ZW gonads in a unique mass-in-line structure, in which several masses of cells, each surrounded by a basement membrane, were aligned along the anteroposterior axis. In fact, during sex differentiation, ovarian cavities formed inside each mass of Cyp17a1- and Cyp19a1-positive cells in the ZW gonads. However, the mass-in-line structure disappeared during testicular development in the ZZ testes. These results suggested that the mass-in-line structure found in both ZZ and ZW gonads just after sex determination might be formed in advance to produce ovarian cavities and then oocytes. Consequently, we propose a view that the default sex may be female in the morphological aspect of gonads in X laevis.

scholarly journals The venous drainage of the corpora cavernosa in the human penis

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geng-Long Hsu ◽  
Yi-Ping Hung ◽  
Mang-Hung Tsai ◽  
Hong-Chiang Chang ◽  
Shi-Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Corpora Cavernosa

scholarly journals Socio-medical burden of managing a Nigerian child with 46XY male disorder of sex differentiation: A Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-286
Author(s):  
OO Oba-Daini ◽  
MB Fetuga ◽  
IO Ogundele ◽  
CC Nwokoro ◽  
AA Olatunji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Ambiguous Genitalia ◽  
Resource Poor Setting ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Nigerian Child ◽  
Medical Burden ◽  
Bipotential Gonad

Phenotypic expression of the male internal and external genitalia is due largely to the interplay between the proper differentiation of the bipotential gonad, the production of testosterone from the Leydig cells and the response of the undifferentiated external genitalia to Dihydrotestosterone. When any of the pathways involved in the mechanisms described above are distorted, it results in the 46 XY Disorder of Sex Differentiation (DSD).The incidence of 46 XY DSD ranges from 20 to 41% among the cases of Disorder of Sex Differentiation (DSD) in Nigeria, though there is a paucity of data on this condition. This report describes an under-virilized genetically male child who presented with ambiguous genitalia in the neonatal period and was subsequently diagnosed as SRY positive 46 XY DSD with reduced testosterone synthesis. This report is necessitated by the need to create awareness and highlight the relevant medico-social challenges in the management of DSD in a resource-poor setting.

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