scholarly journals Role of Microglia in Age-Related Changes to the Nervous System

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1061-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

Microglia play a curious role in the nervous system. Their role is intrinsically protective and supportive, but during neurodegenerative disease, it is well established that microglia play a significant role in the initiation of neuronal death. Microglia, like neurons, show age-related changes that could potentially alter their behavior. While extreme changes to a large population of microglia cause dramatic neuronal loss in neurodegeneration, during normal aging, subtle changes not unlike those seen in the disease state could potentially contribute to a more gradual neuronal loss that could contribute to the cognitive decline seen in the aging population. This review provides illustrations of what is known about the role of microglia in neurodegeneration and makes suggestions about the role of microglia in age-related changes to the brain.

Examining the nervous system of an older patient

2017 ◽  
pp. 865-870
Author(s):  
Henry J. Woodford ◽  
James George
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Neurological Assessment ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Power Testing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

Ageing is associated with changes in the nervous system, especially the accumulation of neurodegenerative and white matter lesions within the brain. Abnormalities are commonly found when examining older people and some of these are associated with functional impairment and a higher risk of death. In order to reliably interpret examination findings it is important to assess cognition, hearing, vision, and speech first. Clarity of instruction is key. Interpretation of findings must take into account common age-related changes. For example, genuine increased tone should be distinguished from paratonia. Power testing should look for asymmetry within the individual, rather than compare to the strength of the examiner. Parkinsonism should be looked for and gait should be observed. Neurological assessment can incorporate a range of cortical abilities and tests of autonomic function, but the extent of these assessments is likely to be determined by the clinical situation and time available.

Nutritional Aspects of Down's Syndrome with Special Reference to the Nervous System

1984 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Sylvester
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mature Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
With Memory

SummaryMultiple deficiencies of vitamins and trace metals have been demonstrated in Down's syndrome. The picture is complex, especially since not all individuals are affected equally. Deficiencies are not age-related, but appear to be lifelong. The brain in Downs's syndrome does not develop adequately; one area, the hippocampus, which is concerned with memory, is poorly developed and is also involved in the pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease. The role of nutrients is discussed in relation to damage to the mature brain, and to the ageing process.

scholarly journals THE VASCULAR COMPONENT IN VASCULAR PLEXUSES OF THE BRAIN VENTRICLES

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Илаха Гасанова ◽  
I. Gasanova ◽  
Виктор Куница ◽  
V. Kunitsa ◽  
Заргул Гасанли ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Vascular Plexus ◽  
Brain Ventricles ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Homeostatic Function ◽  
Vascular Component ◽  
Vascular Plexuses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

Vascular plexus of the ventricles of the brain play an important role in the formation of liquor, involved in the exchange, trophic, protective, homeostatic function of the brain. The role of the vascular component of the choroid plexus is not fully understood. The authors studied age-related changes in the vascular component of ventricular plexus in rats. The revealed involutional changes may be the cause of some brain diseases, accompanied by a disorder of the synthesis of cerebrospinal fluid

scholarly journals The Role of Neuropeptide Y in the Nucleus Accumbens

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7287
Author(s):  
Masaki Tanaka ◽  
Shunji Yamada ◽  
Yoshihisa Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Characteristic Functions ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
The Brain

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an abundant peptide in the central nervous system, is expressed in neurons of various regions throughout the brain. The physiological and behavioral effects of NPY are mainly mediated through Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes, which are expressed in regions regulating food intake, fear and anxiety, learning and memory, depression, and posttraumatic stress. In particular, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has one of the highest NPY concentrations in the brain. In this review, we summarize the role of NPY in the NAc. NPY is expressed principally in medium-sized aspiny neurons, and numerous NPY immunoreactive fibers are observed in the NAc. Alterations in NPY expression under certain conditions through intra-NAc injections of NPY or receptor agonists/antagonists revealed NPY to be involved in the characteristic functions of the NAc, such as alcohol intake and drug addiction. In addition, control of mesolimbic dopaminergic release via NPY receptors may take part in these functions. NPY in the NAc also participates in fat intake and emotional behavior. Accumbal NPY neurons and fibers may exert physiological and pathophysiological actions partly through neuroendocrine mechanisms and the autonomic nervous system.

scholarly journals The Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Giulia Bivona ◽  
Bruna Lo Sasso ◽  
Caterina Maria Gambino ◽  
Rosaria Vincenza Giglio ◽  
Concetta Scazzone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Key Questions

Vitamin D and cognition is a popular association, which led to a remarkable body of literature data in the past 50 years. The brain can synthesize, catabolize, and receive Vitamin D, which has been proved to regulate many cellular processes in neurons and microglia. Vitamin D helps synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission in dopaminergic neural circuits and exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities within the brain by reducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the oxidative stress load. Further, Vitamin D action in the brain has been related to the clearance of amyloid plaques, which represent a feature of Alzheimer Disease (AD), by the immune cell. Based on these considerations, many studies have investigated the role of circulating Vitamin D levels in patients affected by a cognitive decline to assess Vitamin D’s eventual role as a biomarker or a risk factor in AD. An association between low Vitamin D levels and the onset and progression of AD has been reported, and some interventional studies to evaluate the role of Vitamin D in preventing AD onset have been performed. However, many pitfalls affected the studies available, including substantial discrepancies in the methods used and the lack of standardized data. Despite many studies, it remains unclear whether Vitamin D can have a role in cognitive decline and AD. This narrative review aims to answer two key questions: whether Vitamin D can be used as a reliable tool for diagnosing, predicting prognosis and response to treatment in AD patients, and whether it is a modifiable risk factor for preventing AD onset.

scholarly journals Age-related changes in nitric oxide activity, cyclic GMP, and TBARS levels in platelets and erythrocytes reflect the oxidative status in central nervous system

AGE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto ◽  
Andrea Rodrigues Vasconcelos ◽  
Sabrina Degaspari ◽  
Ana Elisa Böhmer ◽  
Cristoforo Scavone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cyclic Gmp ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

Functional outcome after intracerebral haemorrhage – a review of the potential role of antiapoptotic agents

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abubakar Tijjani Salihu ◽  
Sangu Muthuraju ◽  
Zamzuri Idris ◽  
Abdul Rahman Izaini Ghani ◽  
Jafri Malin Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Intracerebral Haemorrhage ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Multimodality Treatment ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

AbstractIntracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common form of stroke and is associated with greater mortality and morbidity compared with ischaemic stroke. The current ICH management strategies, which mainly target primary injury mechanisms, have not been shown to improve patient’s functional outcome. Consequently, multimodality treatment approaches that will focus on both primary and secondary pathophysiology have been suggested. During the last decade, a proliferation of experimental studies has demonstrated the role of apoptosis in secondary neuronal loss at the periphery of the clot after ICH. Subsequently, the value of certain antiapoptotic agents in reducing neuronal death and improving functional outcome following ICH was evaluated in animal models. Preliminary evidence from those studies strongly supports the potential role of antiapoptotic agents in reducing neuronal death and improving functional outcome after intracerebral haemorrhage. Expectedly, the ongoing and subsequent clinical trials will substantiate these findings and provide clear information on the most potent and safe antiapoptotic agents, their appropriate dosage, and temporal window of action, thereby making them suitable for the multimodality treatment approach.

Age-related changes in the brain transfer of blood-borne horseradish peroxidase in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mouse

1997 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ueno ◽  
Ichiro Akiguchi ◽  
Masanori Hosokawa ◽  
Masahiko Shinnou ◽  
Haruhiko Sakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Senescence Accelerated Mouse ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Ceramide and Related-Sphingolipid Levels Are Not Altered in Disease-Associated Brain Regions of APPSLand APPSL/PS1M146LMouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Relationship with the Lack of Neurodegeneration?

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Barrier ◽  
Bernard Fauconneau ◽  
Anastasia Noël ◽  
Sabrina Ingrand
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
App Processing ◽  
Ceramide Accumulation ◽  
The Brain

There is evidence linking sphingolipid abnormalities, APP processing, and neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously reported a strong elevation of ceramide levels in the brain of the APPSL/PS1Ki mouse model of AD, preceding the neuronal death. To extend these findings, we analyzed ceramide and related-sphingolipid contents in brain from two other mouse models (i.e., APPSLand APPSL/PS1M146L) in which the time-course of pathology is closer to that seen in most currently available models. Conversely to our previous work, ceramides did not accumulate in disease-associated brain regions (cortex and hippocampus) from both models. However, the APPSL/PS1Ki model is unique for its drastic neuronal loss coinciding with strong accumulation of neurotoxic Aβisoforms, not observed in other animal models of AD. Since there are neither neuronal loss nor toxic Aβspecies accumulation in APPSLmice, we hypothesized that it might explain the lack of ceramide accumulation, at least in this model.

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