scholarly journals Phenotypic Plasticity in Gut Length in the Planktivorous Filter-Feeding Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixin Ke ◽  
Xie Ping ◽  
Longgen Guo
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Lake Taihu ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gut Length

Phenotypic plasticity widely exists in the external morphology of animals as well as the internal traits of organs. In the present study, we studied the gut length plasticity of planktivorous filter-feeding silver carp under different food resources in large-net cage experiments in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu in 2004 and 2005. There was a significant difference in stocking density between these 2 years. Under a low stocking density and abundant food resources, silver carp increased their energy intake by feeding on more zooplankton. Meanwhile, silver carp adjusted their gut length to match the digestive requirements of food when exposed to different food resources. In the main growth seasons (from April to October), silver carp significantly increased their relative gut length when feeding on more phytoplankton in 2005 (p< 0.01, 9.23 ± 1.80 in 2004 and 10.77 ± 2.05 in 2005, respectively). There was a nearly significant negative correlation between zooplankton proportion in the diet and the relative gut length when silver carp were stocked in a high density (p= 0.112). It appears that silver carp might have evolved plasticity to change their gut length rapidly to facilitate efficient utilization of food resources. Such resource polymorphisms in the gut may be a good indication of temporal adaptation to resource conditions. Our work provided field evidence for understanding the functional basis of resource polymorphisms and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in planktivorous filter-feeding fish.

Modern features of aquaculture of cyprinids in the republic of Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Farhan Yasin Hamed ◽  
Adelia Zakirovna Anokhina ◽  
Natalia Viktorovna Sudakova ◽  
Damelya Kazhigalievna Magzanova
Keyword(s):  
Silver Carp ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Fish Farms

It is shown that the leading role in the aquaculture of Iraq belongs to Cyprinids, which account for over 80 % of all fish farming production. The most widespread in the country are four main world species of carp aquaculture: common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). Basically, the traditional technology of growing Cyprinids in ponds is used, which includes the main fish farming processes: care of broodstock to prepare them for spawning, collecting eggs and milt, eggs fertilization and incubation of embryos, raising juveniles and marketable fish. Currently, there are about 2 thousand private fish farms, which have ponds of various sizes from 4 to 100 hectares. Cultivation of Cyprinids in Iraq is carried out mainly by extensive methods: the use of the natural food base of reservoirs with low fish stocking density in polyculture. The fish productivity of ponds varies greatly in different fish farms from 1,5 to 6 t/ha, which is due to economic reasons. The data on changes in the temperature of pond water during the year and hydrochemical indicators are given, which shows favorable conditions for Cyprinids rearing. Information on the use of compound feeds for growing carp in ponds is provided, and data on the composition and nutritional value of the feed used. The fish culture indicators for the main biotechnical processes of the rearing of four Cyprinid species in Iraq are described in detail. In the conclusion, it is indicated that for the effective development of aquaculture in Iraq, government support is needed in the form of a developed long-term program and legislative acts.

scholarly journals Ova Fatty Acids Composition and Spawning Performances of Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Morocco)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 879-888
Author(s):  
Fatima-Zahra Majdoubi ◽  
Redouane Benhima ◽  
Anouar Ouizgane ◽  
Sana Farid ◽  
Mohammed Droussi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Significant Difference

The present study is performed in order to determine the relationship between fatty acid (FA) profile of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) eggs and fertilization success, embryos viability and larval production. Mature unfertilized ova were collected during the reproductive season from 23 mature and healthy females, reared in Deroua fish farm (Morocco). Total lipids were extracted from ova sample and subjected to trans-esterification then the resulting fatty acids methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The results showed that silver carp ova are dominated on total FA by docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (21.21%) followed by oleic acid (21.07%), palmitic acid (17.71%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (10.25%). During the breeding season, polyunsaturateds (PUFAs), monounsaturateds (MUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) didn’t show any significant difference. Moreover, within the PUFAs, the n-3 series were more abundant than the n-6 series, the total mean was 31.57 ± 1.01% and 5.33 ± 0.32%, respectively. No correlation was between fatty acids and the fertilization success. Maternal weight has effect on the levels of oleic acid (C18:1), arachidonic acid (C20:4) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) in the egg whereas levels of palmetoleic acid (C16:1), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) are related to female age.

The measurements of filtering parameters under breathing and feeding of filter-feeding silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.)

Aquaculture ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 319 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Zhao ◽  
Shuanglin Dong ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Xiangli Tian ◽  
Qinfeng Gao
Keyword(s):  
Silver Carp ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Filter Feeding

scholarly journals Effects of fish stocking density on growth and survival of Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) fry in Jashore, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
SK INJAMAMUL ISLAM ◽  
HASAN MAHMUD NOOR ◽  
MD. HABIBUR RAHMAN ◽  
MD. SAROWER-E-MAHFUJ ◽  
SYEDA MAKSUDA YEASMIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Acceptable Range

The experiment was operated in 9 consecutive weeks in nine earthen nursery ponds having the same area (0.09 acre) and depth (0.8 m). Seven days old fries of Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) were stocked at 4000, 5000 and 6000 fries/decimal in three treatments with three replications as T-1, T-2 and T-3, respectively to observe the growth and survival. At stocking, hatchlings were the same batch-rearing with an average length and weight of 0.44 ± 0.05 cm and 0.14 ± 0.05 mg, respectively. Wet mustered oil cake and commercial nursery feed containing 30% crude protein were given by two weeks interval, initially according to the bodyweight; the feeding rate was 14% in the first two weeks, gradually reduced to 12, 10 and 8%, respectively in the following week intervals. Water quality parameters and plankton sufficiency were observed every 15 days interval and was found within the acceptable range. Growth performance (6.458 g), survival rate of fingerlings (85.76%) and total production (22151g/decimal) were found highest in T-1 followed by T-2 and T-3. The study concluded that expect better production of fry up to fingerlings, proper stocking density should be maintained in pond fish culture in Jashore region of Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Trophic Patterns of Bighead Carp and Silver Carp Follow the Seasonality of Resource Availability

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1429
Author(s):  
Jia Yu ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Xuwei Deng ◽  
Zhixu Wu ◽  
Zuoming Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Filter Feeding

The influence of seasonality of the aquatic environment on food web has been notoriously understudied in empirical ecology. In this study, we focus on seasonal changes in one key attribute of a food web, the trophic level. We determine whether seasonal variations of fish trophic levels could be indicated by the change in food resources. Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (H. nobilis) were used to explore the responses of trophic levels of the filter-feeding fish to seasonal variations of food resources. Combined stable isotopic analysis and dietary analysis revealed that filter-feeding fish tended to have a higher trophic level in spring (May) and autumn (September and October). This may result from the abundant density of food resources (zooplankton and phytoplankton) and fish flexible foraging strategy, as we predicted that the trophic level follows the seasonality of food availability. Pearson’ correlation analysis and a structural equation model showed that seasonal variation of total phosphorus and water temperature could indirectly affect trophic levels of silver carp and bighead carp by mediating the abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton directly and indirectly along the food chain. According to these findings, the seasonal variation of food resources could be an important indicator of the temporal dynamics of the food web trophic pattern in freshwater ecosystems.

scholarly journals Fry Survival Rate as a Predictive Marker of Optimal Production of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Valenciennes 1844): A Biostatistical Study in Deroua Fish Farm, Morocco

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima-Zahra Majdoubi ◽  
Anouar Ouizgane ◽  
Sana Farid ◽  
Laura Mossetti ◽  
Mohammed Droussi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Predictive Marker ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
World Population ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Optimal Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Eggs Quality

AbstractSeveral indicators show that the world population is rapidly increasing with prospects of reaching close to 10 billion people in 2050. Optimal production of fish is a tentative goal to ensure human feeding and resources sustainability. The present study was performed on eggs of the silver carp, collected during the breeding season of consecutive years with different environmental temperature profiles at the Deroua Fisheries Station to evaluate the seasonal and inter-seasonal changes of eggs quality in order to promote a predictive marker for optimal production of silver carp. The viability of the obtained eggs was detected using ANOVA  followed by the Tukey test to analyze fertilization rate, embryos survival rate, and fry survival rate. Data analysis showed no significant difference in the fertilization and survival rate of the embryos during the two breeding seasons, and therefore these can not be used as an adequate criterion to predict the viability of the fry of silver carp. Although the survival rate of the fry did not change during the first season, it changed significantly during the second when there was an increase in the environmental temperature. This factor could be responsible for the disturbance of the females' oogenesis and consequently the degradation of the eggs' quality. The results showed that the fry survival rate could be used as a parameter to predict the yield of silver carp production rather than the success of fertilization and the survival of embryos. This paper discusses the importance and scope of this approach.

scholarly journals Optimization of dietary protein level for good aquaculture practice based carp fattening in ponds under drought prone area of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Md. Anwar Hossain ◽  
Md. Akhtar Hossain ◽  
Md. Ayenuddin Haque ◽  
Md. Harun-Ur-Rashid ◽  
Md. Moksedur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fish Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
Drought Prone Area

Good aquaculture practice (GAP) based carp fattening is a potential technique to obtain higher and safe fish production within shorter period in ponds of drought prone area. Sustainability of this technique, however, is constrained by high feed cost and poor water quality. Therefore, as an overcoming effort, three diets (protein content of 20%, 25% and 30%) under three different treatments (T1, T2 and T3) were tested during January-June, 2020 in fattening ponds of carps (Catla, Gibelion catla; silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix; rohu, Labeo rohita; mrigal, Cirrhinus cirrhosis; and carpio, Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) under Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Variation in protein level had no significant effect on environmental parameters of pond water. Combined fish yield was found to vary significantly (P<0.05) among the treatments, while feed conversion ratio did not vary significantly. Although second degree polynomial regression analysis identified 28.50% dietary protein for optimal growth of carps but no significant difference between T2 and T3 was found for the total fish yield. However, significantly (P<0.05) highest cost-benefit ratio obtained with the diet containing 25% protein suggested this protein level in diet was profitable for carp fattening in pond.

scholarly journals Effects of addition of tilapia in carp-prawn-mola polyculture system

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Shahin ◽  
MN Mondal ◽  
MA Wahab ◽  
M Kunda
Keyword(s):  
Silver Carp ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Formulated Feed

An experiment was conducted with or without addition of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at different stocking densities in a polyculture system. The polyculture consists of catla, rohu, silver carp, prawn and mola at a stocking density of 10, 30, 30, 40 and 100, respectively in 100m<sup>2</sup> ponds in each treatment with three replications. In treatment T0, no tilapia was added; in treatment T10 and T20 tilapia were added at 10% and 20% of total number of catla, rohu, silver carp and prawn, respectively. Formulated feed was given twice daily (8.00 h and 16.00 h) at the rate of 1.5% body weight throughout the culture period. Water quality analysis showed that the mean values of water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, phosphate-phosphorus, chlorophyll-a were not significantly different among the treatments. Water transparency was found significantly different (P<0.05) among the experiments. A total of 45 genera of phytoplankton and 13 genera of zooplankton were identified from the pond water. The abundance of macrobenthic organisms was mostly dominated by Chironomidae. There was no significant difference in the total abundance of benthos among the treatments. The combined net yield increased significantly with the increasing stocking density of tilapia. A simple economic analysis revealed that higher cost-benefit ratio was obtained in treatment T20 followed by treatment T10 and treatment T0. Therefore, it is concluded that the polyculture of carp, prawn and mola with 20% tilapia may be a better option considering the production and economic benefits. Keyword: Carp; Tilapia; Prawn; Mola; Polyculture DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i1.8757 JBAU 2011; 9(1): 147-157

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