scholarly journals Adenosine Receptor Heteromers and their Integrative Role in Striatal Function

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 74-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi Ferré ◽  
Francisco Ciruela ◽  
César Quiroz ◽  
Rafael Luján ◽  
Patrizia Popoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adenosine Receptor ◽  
Neurotransmitter Receptors ◽  
Neurotransmitter Receptor ◽  
Binding Characteristics ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Receptor Heteromers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Striatal Function

By analyzing the functional role of adenosine receptor heteromers, we review a series of new concepts that should modify our classical views of neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Neurotransmitter receptors cannot be considered as single functional units anymore. Heteromerization of neurotransmitter receptors confers functional entities that possess different biochemical characteristics with respect to the individual components of the heteromer. Some of these characteristics can be used as a “biochemical fingerprint” to identify neurotransmitter receptor heteromers in the CNS. This is exemplified by changes in binding characteristics that are dependent on coactivation of the receptor units of different adenosine receptor heteromers. Neurotransmitter receptor heteromers can act as “processors” of computations that modulate cell signaling, sometimes critically involved in the control of pre- and postsynaptic neurotransmission. For instance, the adenosine A1-A2Areceptor heteromer acts as a concentration-dependent switch that controls striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission. Neurotransmitter receptor heteromers play a particularly important integrative role in the “local module” (the minimal portion of one or more neurons and/or one or more glial cells that operates as an independent integrative unit), where they act as processors mediating computations that convey information from diverse volume-transmitted signals. For instance, the adenosine A2A-dopamine D2receptor heteromers work as integrators of two different neurotransmitters in the striatal spine module.

scholarly journals The Role of Adrenoceptors in the Retina

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2594
Author(s):  
Yue Ruan ◽  
Tobias Böhmer ◽  
Subao Jiang ◽  
Adrian Gericke
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
System A ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The retina is a part of the central nervous system, a thin multilayer with neuronal lamination, responsible for detecting, preprocessing, and sending visual information to the brain. Many retinal diseases are characterized by hemodynamic perturbations and neurodegeneration leading to vision loss and reduced quality of life. Since catecholamines and respective bindings sites have been characterized in the retina, we systematically reviewed the literature with regard to retinal expression, distribution and function of alpha1 (α1)-, alpha2 (α2)-, and beta (β)-adrenoceptors (ARs). Moreover, we discuss the role of the individual adrenoceptors as targets for the treatment of retinal diseases.

scholarly journals Caffeine as a Factor Influencing the Functioning of the Human Body—Friend or Foe?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3088
Author(s):  
Kamil Rodak ◽  
Izabela Kokot ◽  
Ewa Maria Kratz
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Caffeine Consumption ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Disease Entities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Impact

Nowadays, caffeine is one of the most commonly consumed substances, which presents in many plants and products. It has both positive and negative effects on the human body, and its activity concerns a variety of systems including the central nervous system, immune system, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary tract, etc. These effects are dependent on quantity, the type of product in which caffeine is contained, and also on the individual differences among people (sex, age, diet etc.). The main aim of this review was to collect, present, and analyze the available information including the latest discoveries on the impact of caffeine on human health and the functioning of human body systems, taking into account the role of caffeine in individual disease entities. We present both the positive and negative sides of caffeine consumption and the healing properties of this purine alkaloid in diseases such as asthma, Parkinson’s disease, and others, not forgetting about the negative effects of excess caffeine (e.g., in people with hypertension, children, adolescents, and the elderly). In summary, we can conclude, however, that caffeine has a multi-directional influence on various organs of the human body, and because of its anti-oxidative properties, it was, and still is, an interesting topic for research studies including those aimed at developing new therapeutic strategies.

The neuropharmacology of emesis: the role of receptors in neuromodulation of nausea and vomiting

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Leslie ◽  
Y. Shah ◽  
M. Thejomayen ◽  
K. M. Murphy ◽  
H. A. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Dopamine Antagonists ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex ◽  
Neurotransmitter Receptor ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Muscarinic Binding Sites ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Muscarinic Cholinergic

The basic pharmacological mechanisms involved in mediating nausea and vomiting are still poorly understood. Several classes of drags have been identified that alleviate the symptoms of nausea and vomiting, either prophylactically or acutely. None of these is completely effective in all cases. They include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, steroids, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, serotonin antagonists, and anticholinergics. This paper examines the evidence that links each of these classes of drugs with the distribution of specific neurotransmitter receptor sites on which they may be acting. Studies on the central nervous system distribution of binding sites for one of these classes of drugs, the anticholinergics, are described. Binding sites for the muscarinic cholinergic radioligand [3H]quinuclidinyibenzilate occur in different concentrations throughout the dorsal vagal complex of the rabbit medulla oblongata. The distribution of such sites in this nonvomiting experimental animal is markedly different from that in the cat, an animal that has been used for many physiological and pharmacological studies of emesis. A previous study has suggested that muscarinic binding sites may occur presynaptically on vagal afferent terminals that synapse in the dorsal vagal complex of the cat; this appears not to be the case in the rabbit. Possible implications of these findings for the identification of the site of action of anticholinergic, antiemetic drags are discussed.Key words: neuromodulation, nausea, vomiting, receptors.

scholarly journals Managing Work Life Balance Role of Hr Department in It Sector

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
R Venkataraman
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Growth ◽  
Customer Orientation ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
The People ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Strategies

The world has changed beyond recognition with a rapid pace of change as never seen before. This sea change has affected all facets of human existence and behaviour and posed new challenges for the people at the helm of affairs. The corporate scene is one of confusion and challenge, with competition and customer-orientation becoming the focus, There are new strategies and also new concepts to help the corporate. On account of increase in competition, the organisation has to face lot of challenges. Organisations are facing challenges to retain good employees, to pay good salary and also insist them to perform effectively which in turn increases the workload on an individual and leaves less time for the family or for other interests and hobbies. A balanced life is one where an individual gets sufficient opportunity to distribute his/her energy for his development and growth, which include emotional satisfaction, professional satisfaction and spiritual growth. This calls for the balance between various aspects of life such as career, family and other interests. If any one of the aspects is ignored, it will lead to a frustration not only for the individual but also for the people concerned with his/her life.

Functional relevance of neurotransmitter receptor heteromers in the central nervous system

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 440-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi Ferré ◽  
Francisco Ciruela ◽  
Amina S. Woods ◽  
Carme Lluis ◽  
Rafael Franco
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurotransmitter Receptor ◽  
Receptor Heteromers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Functional Relevance

scholarly journals The role of diet in the prevention of migraine attacks

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 865-871
Author(s):  
O. O. Kopchak ◽  
O. Ye. Hrytsenko
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Data ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Migraine Headaches ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual

The review provides information concerning the influence of dietary factors and different types of diet on the origin and frequency of migraine headaches according to the up-to-date scientific data. The relevance of the problem is associated with high prevalence of migraine, which is a common cause of disability amongst young people. Gut – brain axis takes a significant place in the pathophysiology of migraine. The concept of a gut-brain axis explains a bidirectional relationship between the gastrointestinal system and the central nervous system. It has been suggested that changes in the gut-brain axis functioning may play a role in the pathogenesis of migraine. The review describes possible mechanisms of gut microbiota involvement in the pathogenesis of migraine. Knowledge of the important role of food triggers in migraine has contributed to the development of a dietary therapeutic strategy for the prevention of migraine headache. The paper contains data concerning possible pathogenetically substantiated effects of various types of diet (elimination, epigenetic, ketogenic) in migraine prevention, given the lack of efficacy and side effects of current migraine drug therapy. The review discusses the possible positive effects of dietary approaches on migraine through their beneficial influence on the intestinal microbiota and functioning of the gut-brain axis. Conclusions. An update on the role of diet in the pathogenesis and prevention of migraine attacks is an extremely important and promising scientific field, which requires further research with the development of personalized approaches taking into account the individual characteristics of each patient.  

scholarly journals The Role of Microglia in Diabetic Retinopathy

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery G. Grigsby ◽  
Sandra M. Cardona ◽  
Cindy E. Pouw ◽  
Alberto Muniz ◽  
Andrew S. Mendiola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Retinal Tissue ◽  
Diabetic Retina ◽  
Activated State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual

There is growing evidence that chronic inflammation plays a role in both the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. There is also evidence that molecules produced as a result of hyperglycemia can activate microglia. However the exact contribution of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, to retinal tissue damage during diabetes remains unclear. Current data suggest that dysregulated microglial responses are linked to their deleterious effects in several neurological diseases associated with chronic inflammation. As inflammatory cytokines and hyperglycemia disseminate through the diabetic retina, microglia can change to an activated state, increase in number, translocate through the retina, and themselves become the producers of inflammatory and apoptotic molecules or alternatively exert anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, microglial genetic variations may account for some of the individual differences commonly seen in patient’s susceptibility to diabetic retinopathy.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF REFLECTIVE MODEL OF EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE IN THE MODERN FINNISH SCHOOL

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
Stupak
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Individual

The article considers the example of a country whose educational system has absorbed the ideas of philosophical concepts of critical thinking of I. Kant and M. Lipman. After all, thanks to the dynamic integration processes in the world, we pay attention to reflective models of education, which lead us to the question: What is more relevant today – memorization of information or its critical analysis? The article attempts to investigate the organization of education in Finnish schools through the prism of I. Kant's reflexive model and M. Lipman's reflexive model of educational practice. I. Kant in his work «Critique of Pure Reason» used the concept of reflection in order to explain the specifics of the work of consciousness. He divided the concept of reflection into transcendental and logical. Logical reflection only compares concepts with each other and cannot judge things a priori. Transcendental reflection – the basis for the possibility of objective comparison of ideas with each other. Based on the provisions of Kant's work on reflection as a way of forming new concepts and judgments through the comparison of existing ideas, M. Lipman proposed a reflective model of education, which is devoted to his work «Reflective model of educational practice. The article also analyzes the role of phenomenon-based teaching and learning in the education of critical thinking, which is necessary for the successful life of the individual in the modern information society. The Finnish school shows us that the study of phenomena helps the student not only to understand what is happening, but pushes him to formulate an independent opinion on any issue in life. This creates an approach called «reflective model of education», which was fully discussed by I. Kant in the field of philosophy, and M. Lipman in the field of psychology and pedagogy. The article attempts to argue that the construction of the learning process in the Finnish school has the features of a reflexive paradigm of critical practice, which is its integral feature. The experience of organizing education in a Finnish school can be used in the development of a new Ukrainian school. Key words: reflection, reflective model of educational practice, critical thinking, criteria, judgments, phenomena, phenomenon-oriented learning and teaching.

scholarly journals Looking for the role of cannabinoid receptor heteromers in striatal function

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 226-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi Ferré ◽  
Steven R. Goldberg ◽  
Carme Lluis ◽  
Rafael Franco
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Receptor Heteromers ◽  
Striatal Function
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