scholarly journals NOxEmission Trading in a European Context: Discussion of the Economic, Legal, and Cultural Aspects

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 958-967
Author(s):  
Chris P.A. Dekkers
Keyword(s):  
Emission Trading ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
European Context ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Eu Directives ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
Legislative Structure ◽  
The Eu

Emission trading is a new instrument in environmental policy. It is an alien notion in most European countries and it is often viewed with hesitation. The paper discusses the economic, legal, and perhaps more importantly, the cultural aspects to consider when one tries to explore the prospects for trading emissions of NOXand other substances in Europe. Issues to be addressed are the present legal framework in Europe in relation to the national emission ceilings on NOXand other substances on the basis of relevant EU directives and UNECE protocols. The paper will discuss the extent to which the legal framework within the EU imposes constraints on the design of a national emission trading scheme, and what options are available to fit emission trading into that legislative structure. The NOXemission trading programme developed in the Netherlands will be used to demonstrate the various aspects in a European context.

BETWEEN SPLENDID ISOLATION AND TENTATIVE IMPERIALISM: THE EU'S EXTENSION OF ITS EMISSION TRADING SCHEME TO INTERNATIONAL AVIATION AND THE ECJ'S JUDGMENT IN THE ATA CASE

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gattini
Keyword(s):  
Emission Trading ◽  
Leadership Role ◽  
Emission Trading Scheme ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Strategic Issue ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
Splendid Isolation ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Energy Package

For the last 15 years the European Union (EU) has been particularly active, both internally and internationally, in the fight against global warming, and it is determined to continue to play a global leadership role in this strategic issue. Among the various market-based measures decided upon, the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) for energy-intensive industrial sectors has been rightly described as the ‘flagship of the EU climate policy’.1 Even before proceeding to a general overhauling of Directive 2003/87 in the framework of the 2009 Climate and Energy package, the EU had decided to modify the Directive by including aviation activities in the ETS. Directive 2008/1012 provides that all flights from whichever aircraft operator taking off from or landing in the EU territory will be subjected to the ETS from 1 January 2012. For the year 2012 97 per cent of all emissions allowances will be freely assigned, from 2013 the amount will decrease to 95 per cent, whereas 15 per cent of all allowances will be auctioned. In reality the percentage of free allowances is much lower, about 60 per cent, because it takes as parameter the historical aviation emissions of the years 2004–06, when the air traffic was 40 per cent lower than it is now. The idea underlying the Directive is that aircraft operators will either purchase the necessary allowances in the market or will try to reduce their emissions by using bio-fuels (or else reducing the number of flights), with the second option becoming more economically attractive over time.

scholarly journals Cross-sector analysis of the Hungarian sectors covered by the Effort Sharing Decision – Climate policy perspectives for the Hungarian agriculture within the 2021-2030 EU programming period

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Csaba Fogarassy ◽  
Bálint Horváth ◽  
Attila Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Public Utility ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
Programming Period ◽  
Management Institutions ◽  
The Eu

Ever since 2012, the EU ETS (European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme), which is the EU’s climate policy was extended to include the ESD (Effort Sharing Decision) sectors’ (agriculture, transport, building) regulations. As its name implies, this mechanism is based off of shared interests and efforts, all in order to reach the climate goals. Therefore, analysing the agriculture sector from an environmental viewpoint requires the analysis of related sectors as well, since their performances will have an impact on determining the requirements to be met by the agriculture. Seeing that those primarily present in said sectors are not various firms, but people and public utility management institutions instead, the level of regulations draws from the economic state of the various countries in question (GDP per capita). Therefore, member states like ours did not receive difficult goals until 2020, due to our performance being lower than the average of the EU. However, during the program phase between 2021 and 2030, all nations are to lower their GHG (greenhouse gases) emission, and have to make developments to restrict GHG emission level growth within the ESD, which means we already have to estimate our future possibilities. During the analyses, we will see that analysing agriculture from an environmental viewpoint, without doing the same to their related sectors and their various related influences is impossible. The GHG emission goals determined by the EU have to be cleared by the agriculture sector, but the inputs from transport, waste management and building are required nonetheless. JEL classification: Q58

Climate Protection Law in the European Union—Emergence of a New Regulatory System

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Epiney
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Emission Trading Scheme ◽  
Climate Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
The Eu

“Climate Protection Law” has been developed during the last approximately 15 years on an international, supranational and regional level. In the European Union the trading scheme of greenhouse gas allowances—introduced by Directive 2003/87—is to be considered a central element of the European Union’s climate protection policy. Despite of the creation of the EU emission trading scheme already in 2003 the scheme raises a range of legal questions which have not been really clarified yet. Against this background, the following contribution will discuss—on the basis of a summary of the legal bases and the development of emission trading in the EU—some selected legal questions concerning design, interpretation and application of the Directive 2003/87. Additionally, the question of whether the emission trading scheme as provided by Directive 2003/87 could serve as a model for air protection respectively emission reduction of other air pollutants and / or as a model for a trans-regional or even global emission trading scheme will be discussed.

EU Emission Trading: Starting with Carbon Dioxide

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Vesterdal ◽  
Gert Tinggaard Svendsen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Emission Trading Scheme ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Target Level ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
The Eu

The Commission of the European Union wants to start a limited emission trading scheme by 2005 within the Community to enable “learning-by-doing” prior to the Kyoto Protocol. This is to accomplish the desired 8% target level for six different greenhouse gases. However, in the EU it is not clear whether all the six relevant greenhouse gases or only CO2 should be traded. What is the simplest and most practicable solution? We argue in favour of the latter option for three main reasons: the possible dominating global warming potential of CO2, expected future developments in CO2 emissions and the fact, that CO2 is the pollutant most easily monitored.

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