scholarly journals Nitrogen Emission and Deposition: The European Perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 879-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Willem Erisman ◽  
Peringe Grennfelt ◽  
Mark Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Emission ◽  
Reactive N ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Combustion Processes ◽  
Critical Limits

Europe has been successful in reducing the emissions of several nitrogenous pollutants over recent decades. This is reflected in concentrations and deposition rates that have decreased for several components. Emissions of nitrogen containing gases are estimated to have decreased in Europe by 10%, 21%, and 14% for NO, NOx, and NH3, respectively, between 1990 and 1998. The main reductions are the result of a decrease in industrial and agricultural activities in the east of Europe as a result of the economic situation, measures in the transport sector, industry and agricultural sector, with only a small part of the reduction due to specific measures designed to reduce emissions. The reduction is significant, but far from the end goal for large areas in Europe in relation to different environmental problems. The Gothenburg Protocol will lead to reductions of 50 and 12% in 2010 relative to 1990 for NOx and NH3, respectively. The N2O emissions are expected to grow between 1998 and 2010 by 9%. Further reductions are necessary to reach critical limits for ecosystem protection, air quality standards and climate change. Emissions of nitrogen compounds result from an overload of reactive nitrogen, which is produced by combustion processes, by synthesis of ammonia or by import from other areas as concentrated animal feeds. Although some improvements can be made by improving the efficiency of combustion processes and agricultural systems, measures to reduce emissions substantially need to be focused on decreasing the production or import of reactive N. Reactive N ceilings for regions based on critical limits for all N-related effects can help to focus such measures. An integrated approach might have advantages over the pollutant specific approach to combat nitrogen pollution. This could provide the future direction for European policy to reduce the impacts of excess nitrogen.

The Limits of the Offshore Oil Exploration Ban and Agricultural Sector Deal to Reduce Emissions in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
M.C. Abraham-Dukuma ◽  
F.N. Okpaleke ◽  
Q.M. Hasan ◽  
M. O. Dioha
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Offshore Oil

Analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from 10 biogas plants within the agricultural sector

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1370-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Liebetrau ◽  
T. Reinelt ◽  
J. Clemens ◽  
C. Hafermann ◽  
J. Friehe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Life Cycle Assessments ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Generation Unit

With the increasing number of biogas plants in Germany the necessity for an exact determination of the actual effect on the greenhouse gas emissions related to the energy production gains importance. Hitherto the life cycle assessments have been based on estimations of emissions of biogas plants. The lack of actual emission evaluations has been addressed within a project from which the selected results are presented here. The data presented here have been obtained during a survey in which 10 biogas plants were analysed within two measurement periods each. As the major methane emission sources the open storage of digestates ranging from 0.22 to 11.2% of the methane utilized and the exhaust of the co-generation units ranging from 0.40 to 3.28% have been identified. Relevant ammonia emissions have been detected from the open digestate storage. The main source of nitrous oxide emissions was the co-generation unit. Regarding the potential of measures to reduce emissions it is highly recommended to focus on the digestate storage and the exhaust of the co-generation.

scholarly journals Organic Matter Composition of Digestates Has a Stronger Influence on N2O Emissions than the Supply of Ammoniacal Nitrogen

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2215
Author(s):  
Ioana Petrova Petrova ◽  
Carola Pekrun ◽  
Kurt Möller
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Liquid Separation ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Processing Chain ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Release Potential ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Solid Liquid Separation

Manures can be treated by solid–liquid separation and more sophisticated, subsequent approaches. These processes generate fertilizers, which may differ in composition and N2O release potential. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of processing-related changes in digestate composition on soil-derived N2O emissions after application to soil. For that purpose, N2O emissions within the first 7 weeks after fertilization with two raw and eight processed digestates (derived from solid–liquid separation, drying and pelletizing of separated solid, and vacuum evaporation of separated liquid) were measured in the field in 2015 and 2016. Additionally, an incubation experiment was run for 51 days to further investigate the effect of subsequent solid and liquid processing on soil-derived N2O release. The results showed that, only in 2016, the separation of digestate into solid and liquid fractions led to a decrease in N2O emissions in the following order: raw digestate > separated liquid > separated solid. N removal during subsequent processing of separated solid and liquid did not significantly influence the N2O emissions after fertilization. In contrast, the concentrated application of the final products led to contradictory results. Within the solid processing chain, utilization of pellets considerably increased the N2O emissions by factors of 2.7 (field, 2015), 3.5 (field, 2016), and 7.3 (incubation) compared to separated solid. Fertilization with N-rich ammonium sulfate solution led to the lowest emissions within the liquid processing chain. It can be concluded that the input of less recalcitrant organic C into the soil plays a greater role in N2O release after fertilization than the input of ammoniacal N. Digestate processing did not generally reduce emissions but apparently has the potential to mitigate N2O emissions substantially if managed properly.

scholarly journals Are CO2 emissions converging in the European Union? Policy implications

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-82
Author(s):  
Rafael Morales-Lage ◽  
Aurelia Bengochea-Morancho ◽  
Immaculada Martínez-Zarzoso
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Conditional Convergence ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Cross Sectional

This paper focuses on the process of convergence in per capita CO2 emissions that would occur if the measures taken by the European Union to meet the Kyoto Protocol commitments had been effective. We apply a time series and cross-sectional analysis to test for the existence of convergence among countries and for different economic sectors. The sample covers data for the 28 member countries from 1960 to 2012. The results show weak absolute convergence across countries but clear evidence of conditional convergence, with GDP, the weight of industrial sector and the use of renewable energies being the main drivers of divergence. Concerning sectors, there is an increase of emissions in the agricultural sector, but a reduction in the industrial and energy sectors. Different patterns arise in the energy subsectors where manufacturing and electricity notably reduced their emissions while the transport sector increased them in all countries.

scholarly journals THE WAYS TO IMPROVE THE FUNCTIONING OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Stelmakh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Legislative Framework

The research stipulates that the infrastructure is a certain system, and its task is to secure main conditions for the development of other subsystems and the system as a whole. Next, the paper analyzes the relationship between infrastructure and economic development by examining the legislative framework of its sectors and outlines the main problems of functioning and searching for ways to overcome them. The expected economic growth of the country includes quantitative changes in the economy, which are particularly expressed by changes in Gross Domestic Product and improvement of socio-economic life. On the other hand, economic development, which is sometimes called the socio-economic combination of quantitative and qualitative changes, can mostly be reduced to economic transformations and reforms of the sectors of infrastructure. The paper determines the problems of the sectors of infrastructure and the ways to overcome them and develops a range of recommendations. Examining the controlling and its use in the respective domains, in particular in forming of transport-logistics system deserves special attention. Nowadays, the sectors of Ukrainian infrastructure require reforming and improvement, namely selecting the appropriate sector that would bring them closer to the standards of the European Union. For instance, the paper offers the closed Internet survey among the managers and employees of enterprises in the agricultural sector of Lvivska oblast and detects weaknesses in the functioning of the sectors of infrastructure based on their results. The further research stipulates the detection of strengths and weaknesses of infrastructure, legislative framework, and results of conducted reforms, especially in terms of implementation of the 2030 National Transport Strategy Подальші (transport sector management efficiency, provision of qualitative transport services, securing of sustainable transport funding, improvement of security and reliability, improvement of urban mobility and regional integration).

Experimental Investigation of Effects of Split Diesel-Pilot Injection on Emissions From Ammonia-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichi Niki
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Pilot Injection ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
And Performance

Abstract NH3 has been investigated for its use as an alternative fuel including for use in internal combustion engines. In NH3 combustion, emissions of unburned NH3 with toxicity and N2O as a combustion product with high global warming potential (GWP) are important issues. However, few researchers have investigated NH3 and N2O emissions from NH3 assisted diesel engines operated using NH3–diesel dual fuel. We investigate a combustion strategy to reduce these emissions with a single-cylinder diesel engine mixed NH3 gas into the intake air. We found that an early diesel pilot injection reduced unburned NH3 and N2O emissions while HC and CO emissions increased. It was also reported that NH3 and diesel fuel work as low and high reactivity fuel for reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion (RCCI), respectively. Our previous study reports the aspects of RCCI on NH3–diesel dual fuel engine to some extent. The injection timing of diesel fuel and the quantity of NH3 govern the emissions and performance on RCCI combustion. These effects need to be investigated to manipulate the RCCI combustion and reduce emissions. This paper reports the efficiency and emissions for the diesel pilot injection timing sweep at various NH3 supply quantities and the effects of a split injection on the emissions and a combustion phase. In addition, we estimated the reduction in GHG emissions using a NH3–diesel dual fuel engine, which applied the early diesel pilot injection, compared with the diesel only operation, considering the N2O GWP.

scholarly journals Conceptual approaches to improvement of the sustainability management mechanism of the agrarian sphere development of the region in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 05029
Author(s):  
Victoria Kalitskaya ◽  
Andrey Pustuev ◽  
Olga Rykalina ◽  
Irina Perminova
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Management System ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Management Mechanism ◽  
Sustainability Management ◽  
The Russian Federation

In the framework of the study, the authors consider conceptual approaches to improve the management system of agrarian sphere development of regions in the realities of this industry functioning in the Russian Federation. Agrarian sphere is shown in aspects of socio-economic territorial system with its subsystems. The transition mechanisms of the agrarian sphere to the rails of sustainable development due to the choice of priority development directions within the life cycle are presented. The necessity of applying an integrated approach to the solution of industrial and social problems of the agricultural sector of the country is proved and reasoned.

scholarly journals Environmental Economics for Environmental Protection

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1254-1266
Author(s):  
Ekko van Ierland ◽  
Corjan Brink ◽  
Leen Hordijk ◽  
Carolien Kroeze
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economics ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Transboundary Air Pollution ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Environmental economics deals with the optimal allocation of production factors and correcting market failure in protecting the environment. Market failure occurs because of externalities, common property resources, and public goods. Environmental policy instruments include direct regulation, taxes/subsidies, tradable permits, deposit systems, voluntary agreements, and persuasion.Environmental policies usually focus on one pollutant or environmental issue but may have substantial impacts on other emissions and environmental problems. Neglecting these impacts will result in suboptimal policies. We present an integrated optimisation model for determining cost-effective strategies to simultaneously reduce emissions of several pollutants from several sources, allowing for interrelations between sources and abatement options. Our integrated approach in regard to acidifying compounds and greenhouse gases will be able to provide cost-effective policy options that will result in lower overall abatement costs.This paper shows that efficient emission reduction can be calculated, but we argue that, for transboundary air pollution and climate change, it is difficult to implement the socially optimal solution because strong incentives exist for “free-riding”. In order to implement efficient policies, international environmental agree-ments like the Gothenburg or the Kyoto Protocol are necessary to establish stable coalitions. The stability of these agreements depends on the distribution of costs and benefits over countries and on the redistribution of the gains of cooperation.

Diesel Fuel Multiple Injection Effects on Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Mixed Ammonia Gas Into Intake Air

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichi Niki ◽  
Yoshifuru Nitta ◽  
Hidenori Sekiguchi ◽  
Koichi Hirata
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Combustion Processes

This study focuses NH3 as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines, because NH3 is known as a H2 carrier and its combustion does not produce CO2 causing global warming. On the other hand, some reports show that unburned NH3 and N2O appear in exhaust gas, when NH3 is used as fuel for compression ignition or spark ignition engines. NH3 is toxic and N2O is one of the greenhouse gases. These emissions should not be emitted. These reports point out that exhaust gas after treatments and/or injection strategies can be effective to reduce these emissions. From our previous investigations, it was confirmed that NH3 and N2O were contained in the exhaust gas of a conventional diesel engine with NH3 gas mixed into the engine intake. In this study, NH3 combustion processes in the diesel engine were investigated from the experimental results. Based on the investigations, a pilot or postinjection was conducted to reduce emissions of NH3 and N2O. In this paper, first the experimental results of the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics on the conventional diesel engine with NH3 gas mixed into the engine intake are shown. NH3 and N2O emissions are then verified by analyzing the exhaust gas. Next, NH3 combustion processes in the diesel engine are considered from the experimental results to report on the effects of a pilot and postdiesel fuel injection on NH3 and N2O production processes. The experimental results suggest that the multiple diesel fuel injections would be one of the effective measures to reduce N2O and NH3 emissions on NH3 and diesel dual-fueled engine.

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