scholarly journals Beneficial Effects of Montelukast Against Methotrexate-Induced Liver Toxicity: A Biochemical and Histological Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evren Kose ◽  
Hilal Irmak Sapmaz ◽  
Ediz Sarihan ◽  
Nigar Vardi ◽  
Yusuf Turkoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Damage ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Group I ◽  
Liver Tissues

The effects of montelukast against methotrexate-induced liver damage were investigated. 35 Wistar albino female rats were divided into 5 groups as follows: group I: control; group II: montelukast (ML); group III: methotrexate (Mtx); group IV: montelukast treatment after methotrexate application (Mtx + ML); group V: montelukast treatment before methotrexate application (ML + Mtx). At the end of the experiment, the liver tissues of rats were removed. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and reduced glutathione levels were determined from liver tissues. In addition, the liver tissues were examined histologically. MDA and MPO levels of Mtx group were significantly increased when compared to control group. In Mtx + ML group, these parameters were decreased as compared to Mtx group. Mtx injection exhibited major histological alterations such as eosinophilic staining and swelling of hepatocytes. The glycogen storage in hepatocytes was observed as decreased by periodic acid schiff staining in Mtx group as compared to controls. ML treatment did not completely ameliorate the lesions and milder degenerative alterations as loss of the glycogen content was still present. It was showed that montelukast treatment after methotrexate application could reduce methotrexate-induced experimental liver damage.

EFFECTS OF MELATONIN AND CURCUMIN TREATMENTS ON THE OVARIUM IN KIDNEY ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY: A HISTOPATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (15) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Ayşe Köse Vuruşkan ◽  
Nur ELAGÜL ◽  
Tansel SAPMAZ ◽  
Sude TOPKARAOĞLU
Keyword(s):  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Group I ◽  
Vascular Congestion ◽  
Reperfusion Period ◽  
Female Wistar Rats

Aim: We aimed to investigate how bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) damage affects the ovaries as a distant organ and the effects of melatonin (MEL), curcumin (CUR) and melatonin+curcumin (MEL+CUR) treatments on I/R damage. Material and Method: 42 female Wistar rats were used in the study. Rats were divided into 6 groups and study was designed as follows: Control group (G1) – opening and closing the abdomen only (sham surgery group) –, I/R group (G2) – 45 min ischemia followed by 2 h reperfusion –, I/R+MEL group (G3) – 45 min ischemia, intraperitoneal (i.p) 20 mg/kg MEL injection 5 min before reperfusion, followed by 2 h reperfusion –, I/R+CUR group (G4) – 45 min ischemia, 5 min before reperfusion i.p 200 mg/kg CUR injection and then 2 hours reperfusion –, I/R+MEL+CUR group (G5) – 45 min ischemia, 5 min before reperfusion i.p 20 mg/kg MEL and 200 mg/kg CUR injection, followed by 2 hours reperfusion –. At the end of the reperfusion period, the rats were sacrificed. Right ovaries were removed from the peritoneum and fixed. After fixation and follow-up, tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin&eosin (H&E), Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)+Hematoxylin (PAS+H) and Masson’s trichrome stains. Pathological changes were scored and statistically evaluated. Results: Compared to the control group, there was a decrease in hemorrhage, vascular congestion, follicular degeneration, inflammation, interstitial edema, vasodilation and growing follicle numbers in all groups; these changes were severe in the G2 group; Mild to moderate severity was observed in the G3, G4 and G5 groups. Conclusion: Renal I/R damage significantly affects the ovaries histopathologically. MEL, CUR, and MEL+CUR partially preserve the histological structure, but MEL treatment seems to be more effective than CUR treatment.

scholarly journals The potential renal toxicity of silver nanoparticles after repeated oral exposure and its underlying mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Nosrati ◽  
Manijeh Hamzepoor ◽  
Maryam Sohrabi ◽  
Massoud Saidijam ◽  
Mohammad Javad Assari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Renal Toxicity ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff

Abstract Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can accumulate in various organs after oral exposure. The main objective of the current study is to evaluate the renal toxicity induced by AgNPs after repeated oral exposure and to determine the relevant molecular mechanisms. Methods In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were treated with solutions containing 30, 125, 300, and 700 mg/kg of AgNPs. After 28 days of exposure, histopathological changes were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Apoptosis was quantified by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry of caspase-3, and the level of expression of the mRNAs of growth factors was determined using RT-PCR. Results Histopathologic examination revealed degenerative changes in the glomeruli, loss of tubular architecture, loss of brush border, and interrupted tubular basal laminae. These changes were more noticeable in groups treated with 30 and 125 mg/kg. The collagen intensity increased in the group treated with 30 mg/kg in both the cortex and the medulla. Apoptosis was much more evident in middle-dose groups (i.e., 125 and 300 mg/kg). The results of RT-PCR indicated that Bcl-2 and Bax mRNAs upregulated in the treated groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the data related to EGF, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 revealed that AgNPs induced significant changes in gene expression in the groups treated with 30 and 700 mg/kg compared to the control group. Conclusion Our observations showed that AgNPs played a critical role in in vivo renal toxicity.

Histological Study On Using Ileal Submucosa In Repairing Urinary Bladder Defect In Adult Albino Rat

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Gomaa El Saeed ◽  
Manal H Moussa ◽  
Gehad A Hammouda ◽  
Sahar M. M Omar
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Squamous Metaplasia ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Graft Area

Abstract Background Repairing urinary bladder (UB) defect by enterocystoplasty remains the gold standard surgical bladder reconstruction procedure to increase the capacity and compliance of dysfunctional bladders. However, many complications were recorded. Aim of the work This work aimed to compare the consequences of reconstruction of urinary bladder defect using untreated small intestinal submucosal (SIS) matrix versus seeded and unseeded decellularized SIS matrix. Material and Methods Fifty female albino rats were used in this study. The animals were divided into three groups: Group I (Control) included ten adult rats from which ileal tissue was obtained. Group II included ten adult rats in which their UB defect was repaired by untreated cellular SIS. Group III included twenty adult rats that were subdivided into two subgroups, 10 rats each; Subgroup IIIA where rats had their UB defect repaired by acellular SIS and subgroup IIIb where rats had their UB defect repaired by acellular SIS seeded with adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs).Ten young rats were used for preparation of AMSCs. Morphometric and statistical analysis were also performed. Results In rats where UB defect was repaired by untreated cellular SIS, the graft area showed loss of epithelial polarity, presence of intraepithelial cysts and occasional extension of urothelium to the outer surface forming fistula. There were areas of metaplasia with the appearance PAS positive cells. In the lamina propria, there was areas of lymphocytic infiltration together with significant increase in the collagen fiber deposition (p &lt; 0.05). There was a significant decrease thickness of muscle layer as compared to control (p &lt; 0.05). In rats where UB defect was repaired by acellular SIS, urothelium in the graft area showed occasional squamous metaplasia and often the urothelium extended to the deeper layers forming Brunn's nest. There was minimal muscle regeneration in the graft area. However, in rats where UB defect was repaired by acellular SIS seeded with AMSCs, the urothelium in the graft area was nearly similar to control group with uniform urothelium thickness, minimal collagen fibers deposition and thick muscle layer that showed no significant difference from the control (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion Acellular SIS seeded with AMSCs showed better results compared to non-seeded and cellular SIS in reconstructing urinary bladder defects.

scholarly journals Pharmacological correction of pathological changes in the viable offspring of rats, caused by cytostatic impact at the stage of progenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
T. G. Borovskaya ◽  
M. E. Poluektova ◽  
А. V. Vychuzhanina ◽  
Yu. А. Shchemerovа ◽  
V. E. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cytostatic Drug ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Reproductive Aged Women ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Background. The number of reproductive-aged women with cancer, who desire child bearing, has increased with improvements in cancer detection and treatment. Cancer treatments have the potential to cause germline mutations that might increase the risk of cancer in the progeny of cancer patients. the aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of reducing the long-term side effects of Etoposide on the progeny of rats using Glutaxim. material and methods. Forty-five white outbred female Wistar rats, 2.5-month-old, were divided into 3 groups. Group I consisted of 15 intact rats. Group II comprised 15 rats treated with cytostatic drug (the control group). Group III consisted of 15 rats treated with Glutoxim® (Glutayil-Cysteinyl-Glycine, Pharma Vam Ltd., Russia) at a dose of 50 μg/kg 5 days before and 5 days after receiving cytostatic drug. results. An increase in the number of fetuses with external hemorrhages and pathological changes in internal organs was found in the progeny of female rats receiving Etoposide 3 months before mating. The progeny experienced a decrease in the rate of formation of sensory-motor reflexes, ability to learn and adaptive behavior. All studied parameters did not differ from background values in the progeny of female rats treated with combination of Etoposide and Glutoxim. conclusion. Glutaxim is the effective drug for correction of pathological changes in the progeny of female rats receiving cytostatic drugs.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN MIKROSKOPIK GINJAL TIKUS WISTAR (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) SETELAH DIINDUKSI DENGAN GENTAMISIN

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poppy M Lintong ◽  
Carla F Kairupan ◽  
Priska L N Sondakh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Tubular Epithelial Cells ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract: Gentamycin, a frequently used aminoglycoside antibiotics, has a nephrotoxic effect to human beings and animals. The purpose of this research was to find out the microscopic changes of wistar rat kidneys after gentamycin induction. This was an experimental study, using five adult wistar rats, divided into three groups. Group I was the control group; group II consisted of two rats, injected with gentamycin 0,3 ml/day (dose of 60 mg/kg body weight/day) intraperitoneally for seven days; and group III consisted of two rats, injected with gentamycin 0,3 ml/day intraperitoneally for 10 days. Group I and II were terminated at day-8, and group III at day-11. Their kidneys were processed for microscopic slides, stained with hematoxylin eosin and Periodic Acid Schiff. In microscopic evaluation, group II and III showed oedema, necrosis, apoptosis, and basal membrane destruction of tubular epithelial cells. Group III also showed fat vacuoles in these epithelial cells (macrovesicular fatty changes). Conclusion: wistar rats injected with gentamycin 60 mg/kg body weight/day for 7 and 10 days showed oedema, necrosis, apoptosis, and basal membrane destruction of tubular epithelial cells; and macrovesicular fatty changes after 10 days of gentamycin.Key words: gentamycin, necrosis tubular epithelial cells, fatty changesAbstrak: Gentamisin termasuk antibiotik golongan aminoglikosida berspektrum luas yang bersifat nefrotoksik terhadap manusia dan hewan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat perubahan mikroskopik struktur ginjal tikus Wistar setelah diberikan gentamisin. Metode penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan lima ekor tikus Wistar dewasa yang dibagi atas tiga kelompok. Kelompok I tanpa perlakuan; kelompok II terdiri dari dua ekor tikus perlakuan yang diinjeksi dengan gentamisin 0,3 ml/hari (dosis 60 mg/kgBB/hari) secara intraperitonial selama tujuh hari; dan kelompok III terdiri dari dua ekor tikus perlakuan yang diinjeksi dengan gentamisin 0,3 ml/hari secara intraperitonial selama 10 hari. Tikus Wistar kelompok I dan II diteminasi hari ke-8, sedangkan kelompok III diterminasi hari ke-11. Ginjal tikus kelompok I -III kemudian dibuat preparat histopatologik dengan pengecatan rutin hematoksilin eosin dan Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tikus Wistar perlakuan yang diberikan gentamisin 0,3 ml/hari selama 7 sampai 10 hari secara mikroskopik memperlihatkan pembengkakan, nekrosis, apoptosis, dan destruksi membrana basalis sel epitel tubulus; dan pada hari ke-10 terlihat vakuol-vakuol lemak pada sel epitel sehingga inti terdesak ke tepi (perlemakan makrovesikuler). Simpulan: pemberian gentamisin pada tikus Wistar dengan dosis 60 mg/kg BB/hari selama 7-10 hari menunjukkan pembengkakan, nekrosis, apoptosis sel epitel tubulus, dan membrana basalis tubulus rusak; dan setelah hari ke-10 juga terlihat perlemakan makrovesikuler.Kata kunci: gentamisin, nekrosis sel epitel tubulus, perlemakan makrovesikuler

scholarly journals Efektivitas Ekstrak Artemisia vulgaris L. sebagai Hepatoprotektor pada sel-sel Hati Tikus yang Diinduksi Niasin

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Laily Rahmawati ◽  
Erma Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Rosita Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Positive Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Artemisia Vulgaris ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

  The niacin in energy drinks has metabolic product that cause oxidative stress and liver damage, while the liver damage can be prevented by hepatoprotective agents. Scoparone in Artemisia vulgaris L. can act as a hepatoprotector by its antioxidant effect. This study aimed to investigate the effectivity of Artemisia vulgaris L. extract as a hepatoprotector in wistar hepatocytes induced by niacin. This study used 25 male rats which were divided into 5 groups: normal, the negative control, the positive control, the treatment group I, and II. Treatment was conducted for 28 days. The samples were terminated and the hepatocyte were prepared for histological examination. Histological appearance was catagorized as mild, moderate, and severe damage with or without inflamatory cells activity. The data analysis by Kruskal Wallis showed significant difference (p<0,001). Further analysis by Mann Whitney revealed significantly difference (p<0,05) between normal group and all groups, negative control group and positive control group, and positive control group and treatment group I, but not significantly difference between negative control group and treatment group I, negative control group and treatment group II, positive control group and treatment group II, and between treatment groups. The study concluded that the effectivity of Artemisia vulgaris L. extract has not been proven as a hepatoprotector but further study is needed to draw a definite conclusion.   Keywords: energy drink, niacin, Artemisia vulgaris L., hepatoprotector  

scholarly journals The effect of mesenchymal stem cells, demineralized bone graft and platelet-rich plasma on osteogenesis in rat tibia defects

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Zozan Erdoğmuş ◽  
Belgin Gülsün
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Graft ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Osteoblastic Activity ◽  
Group I ◽  
Rat Tibia ◽  
Demineralized Bone

Aim: Deformities of the jaw and face are often caused by infection, inflammation, and cystic and neoplastic pathological conditions. Defects with various aetiologies should be repaired promptly using the most appropriate approach to reconstruct the anatomical form. To treat defects, bone grafts with various combinations have been used. In particular, combinations including cellular products to enhance osteogenic properties have been implemented. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of different materials and cells on bone defects by using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are thought to have a positive effect on healing, demineralized bone graft (DMB) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Methodology: We used 55 female rats weighing between 200-250 g, four of which were used to obtain platelet-rich plasma. The remaining animals were divided into five groups. Group I (n = 6) was the operative control group, Group II (n = 24) was given DMB, Group III (n = 24) was given DMB+PRP, Group IV (n = 24) was given MSC+DBG and Group V (n = 24) was given DMB+PRP+MSC applied to rat tibial defects (10 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm). Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in bone osteoblastic activity in tibia defects among the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Bone regeneration was significantly improved in groups where MSCs were used in combination with DMB and PRP.   How to cite this article: Erdoğmuş Z, Gülsün B. The effect of mesenchymal stem cells, demıneralızed bone graft and platelet-rıch plasma on osteogenesıs ın rat tıbıa defects. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):47-55. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.8   Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

scholarly journals PROTECTIVE ROLE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS AGAINST TRICHLOROACETATE-INDUCED TOXICITY IN LIVER OF MALE RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Medhat Mostafa Abozid ◽  
Hoda Ea Farid
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Group I ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

 Objective: The current study was designed to estimate the potential protective role of the aqueous extract of rosemary (AER) (Rosmarinus officinalis) against trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-created hepatotoxicity in male albino rats.Methods: Forty male albino rats were separated into four groups of ten: Group I served as control; Group II was given AER (200 mg/kg/day) by gavage; Group III received TCA at the dose 50 mg/kg/day, and Group V was treated with AER (200 mg/kg/day) and received TCA (50 mg/kg/day). The experiment was carried out for 2 months.Results: The toxicity of TCA for rats was revealed by an elevation in liver marker enzymes activities (gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and conjugated bilirubin (CB) level, and a decrease in albumin and total protein (TP) levels. The TCA administration also caused a significant increase in the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and also malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver tissues. These biochemical effects were accompanied by histological indicators of liver damage. Treatment with ARE recovered the liver damage instigated by TCA, as showed by perfection of liver enzyme markers (GGT, ALT, AST, ALP), CB, TP and albumin; as well as antioxidant parameters (CAT, SOD, GPx) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) and amelioration of histopathology changes in the liver tissues.Conclusion: It could be concluded that AER supplementation for 2 months in TCA-induced toxicity in rats benefited hepatic antioxidant status and improved liver injury and damage in male albino rats exposed to TCA.

scholarly journals Methane-Rich Saline Ameliorates Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury through Anti-Inflammation, Antioxidative, and Antiapoptosis Effects by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Jia ◽  
Zeyu Li ◽  
Yang Feng ◽  
Ruixia Cui ◽  
Yanyan Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Surgery Group

Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe complication of sepsis and an important cause of mortality in septic patients. Previous investigations showed that methane had protective properties against different diseases in animal models. This study is aimed at investigating whether methane-rich saline (MRS) has a protective effect against sepsis-induced AKI. Sepsis was induced in wild-type C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and the mice were divided into three groups: a sham control group (sham), a surgery group with saline intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) treatment (CLP + NS), and a surgery group with MRS i.p. treatment (CLP + MRS). 24 h after the establishment of the sepsis, the blood and kidney tissues of mice in all groups were collected. According to the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) and a histologic analysis, which included hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, MRS treatment protected renal function and tissues from acute injury. Additionally, MRS treatment significantly ameliorated apoptosis, based on the levels of apoptosis-related protein makers, including cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, and the levels of Bcl-2/Bax expression and TUNEL staining. In addition, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)/C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)/caspase-12 apoptosis signaling pathway was significantly suppressed in the CLP + MRS group. The levels of inflammation and oxidative stress were also reduced after MRS treatment. These results showed that MRS has the potential to ameliorate sepsis-induced acute kidney injury through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptosis properties.

A physiological, biochemical and histological study of goose tracheal mucin and its secretion

1977 ◽  
Vol 279 (969) ◽  
pp. 513-540 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Mucin Secretion ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Tracheal Mucus

Tracheal mucin secretion has been measured from a segment of trachea, isolated in situ , in anaesthetized geese by a method that involves radioactive labelling of tracheal mucus glycoproteins (Gallagher et al. 1975). Goose tracheal mucus comes entirely from goblet cells, since the goose trachea does not contain submucosal mucous or serous glands, and this method has been used to investigate the nervous and pharmacological control of the mucin secretion from these epithelial goblet cells. The mucins secreted have been collected, fractionated, and chemically analysed. Intracellular mucin has been examined histochemically, and the results of electron microscopic observations of epithelial cells and nerves are presented. Acetylcholine increased tracheal mucin secretion, and this effect was completely blocked by atropine. Neither α- nor β-stimulant sympathomimetic amines affected tracheal mucin secretion. Stimulation of the peripheral cut ends of the descending oesophageal nerves increased tracheal mucin secretion and the majority of this response, approximately three-quarters, appeared to be cholinergic since this proportion was blocked by atropine. The mediator for the atropine-resistant part of the response is not known, but it appears not to be a β-adrenoreceptor stimulant since the response to nerve stimulation was unaffected by propranolol given at 34 μm intrasegmentally. Other possibilities are discussed. Atropine itself decreased the resting level of tracheal mucin secretion. The local anaesthetic, lignocaine, increased tracheal mucin secretion, while at the same time blocking the responses to acetylcholine and descending oesophageal nerve stimulation. The implications of this are discussed. The electrophoretic, gel filtration and ion-exchange properties of goose tracheal mucins showed that they represented high molecular mass, negatively charged glycoproteins which could be labelled biosynthetically with [ 35 S]sulphate, [ 3 H]- and [ 14 C]glucose. These mucins could be stained with Alcian blue or periodic acid Schiff reagent. The carbohydrate composition was unusual for an epithelial glycoprotein in that fucose was absent and mannose was present in small quantities. The monosaccharides present in larger quantity were galactose, N -acetylglucosamine, N -acetylgalactosamine and sialic acid. Histochemical analysis of tissue sections of gosling tracheas demonstrated that nearly all of the glycoprotein in epithelial goblet cells contained both sialic acid and sulphate residues. Sialated mucin was present also, but to a lesser extent, and many cells contained a mixture of sialated and sulphated mucins. The adult goose trachea had a high proportion of sialated glycoprotein. Electron microscopy showed a range of epithelial cell types and intra-epithelial nerves also. Many of the nerves had neurosecretory vesicles suggestive of motor function and some were near to goblet cells.

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