scholarly journals Viral Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Cukuranovic ◽  
Sladjana Ugrenovic ◽  
Ivan Jovanovic ◽  
Milan Visnjic ◽  
Vladisav Stefanovic
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Renal Transplant Recipients ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Prophylactic Antiviral Therapy ◽  
The Impact

Viruses are among the most common causes of opportunistic infection after transplantation. The risk for viral infection is a function of the specific virus encountered, the intensity of immune suppression used to prevent graft rejection, and other host factors governing susceptibility. Although cytomegalovirus is the most common opportunistic pathogen seen in transplant recipients, numerous other viruses have also affected outcomes. In some cases, preventive measures such as pretransplant screening, prophylactic antiviral therapy, or posttransplant viral monitoring may limit the impact of these infections. Recent advances in laboratory monitoring and antiviral therapy have improved outcomes. Studies of viral latency, reactivation, and the cellular effects of viral infection will provide clues for future strategies in prevention and treatment of viral infections. This paper will summarize the major viral infections seen following transplant and discuss strategies for prevention and management of these potential pathogens.

scholarly journals Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. e1600492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Danovaro ◽  
Antonio Dell’Anno ◽  
Cinzia Corinaldesi ◽  
Eugenio Rastelli ◽  
Ricardo Cavicchioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Viral Lysis ◽  
Group I ◽  
Global Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Bacterial Genes ◽  
The Impact

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the world’s oceans, and they play a crucial role in global biogeochemical cycles. In deep-sea ecosystems, archaea and bacteria drive major nutrient cycles, and viruses are largely responsible for their mortality, thereby exerting important controls on microbial dynamics. However, the relative impact of viruses on archaea compared to bacteria is unknown, limiting our understanding of the factors controlling the functioning of marine systems at a global scale. We evaluate the selectivity of viral infections by using several independent approaches, including an innovative molecular method based on the quantification of archaeal versus bacterial genes released by viral lysis. We provide evidence that, in all oceanic surface sediments (from 1000- to 10,000-m water depth), the impact of viral infection is higher on archaea than on bacteria. We also found that, within deep-sea benthic archaea, the impact of viruses was mainly directed at members of specific clades of Marine Group I Thaumarchaeota. Although archaea represent, on average, ~12% of the total cell abundance in the top 50 cm of sediment, virus-induced lysis of archaea accounts for up to one-third of the total microbial biomass killed, resulting in the release of ~0.3 to 0.5 gigatons of carbon per year globally. Our results indicate that viral infection represents a key mechanism controlling the turnover of archaea in surface deep-sea sediments. We conclude that interactions between archaea and their viruses might play a profound, previously underestimated role in the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems and in global biogeochemical cycles.

scholarly journals The prevalence of the most important viral infections in renal transplant recipients in Serbia

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1285-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Cupic ◽  
Ivana Lazarevic ◽  
Vera Pravica ◽  
Ana Banko ◽  
Danijela Karalic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Renal Transplant Recipients ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

Viruses are the main cause of opportunistic infections after kidney transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), B. K. virus (BKV) and John Cunningham virus (JCV) infections in renal transplant recipients (RTR). This retrospective study of 112 RTR investigated the presence of CMV, EBV and polyomaviruses DNA in plasma and/or urine by PCR. The visualization of PCR products was performed by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and photographed under a UV light. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. CMV DNA was detected in 14/112 (12.5%), EBV DNA in 4/49 (8.16%), BKV DNA in 10/31 (32.26%) and JCV DNA in 3/31 (9.68%) RTR. These results show that CMV infection is more often present in RTR compared to other investigated viral infections. In the light of these results, molecular testing could be useful in identifying recipients at high risk of symptomatic post-transplant viral infection.

scholarly journals A clinical study of cutaneous manifestations in renal transplant recipients

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Pradeep Vittal Bhagwat ◽  
R. Rajagopal ◽  
P. S. Murthy ◽  
R. S. V. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Renal Transplantation ◽  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Renal Transplant Recipients ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Dermatological Examination

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Chronic renal failure is becoming common entity with increased incidence of diabetes mellitus and resulting diabetic nephropathy. With the availability of renal transplantation services in many centers, increased availability of donors, improved surgical technique and availability of better drugs, the survival of renal transplant recipients has increased. The objective of the study was to study the cutaneous manifestations in renal transplant recipients.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Fifty consenting, consecutive renal transplant recipients attending the OPD and in-patients at Command Hospital Air Force, Bangalore during July 2001 to March 2003 were included in the study. Detailed history was taken and clinical examination was carried out with special emphasis on the Dermatological examination. Relevant investigations were carried out.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 50 renal transplant recipients were studied of which 42 (84%) were males and 8 (16%) were females. The age of patients ranged from 16 years to 60 years. Infections were the most common finding, encountered in 38 (76%) patients, followed by drug induced manifestations in 24 (48%) patients. Cellulitis was noted in 1 (2%) patient, viral infections were seen in 18 (36%) patients, fungal infection was the commonest in this study, encountered in 38 (76%) patients. Monomorphic acne was seen in 13 (26%) patients. Hypertrichosis/hirsutism were the commonest drug induced manifestation in this study, seen in 16 (32%) patients.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In patients with renal transplantation, superficial fungal infections and viral infections of the skin are seen more commonly. Monomorphic acne and hypertrichosis due to immunosuppressive are also seen frequently. These changes are moderately influenced by the immunosuppressive regimen used.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Rituximab on the Development of Viral and Fungal Infections in Renal Transplant Recipients

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir J. Patel ◽  
Jennifer M. Devos ◽  
Richard J. Knight ◽  
Kyle L. Dawson ◽  
Wadi N. Suki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Graft Function ◽  
Deceased Donor ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Renal Transplant Recipients ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients

Background. Rituximab is becoming increasingly utilized in renal transplant recipients; however, its association with infections remains unclear. Methods. We reviewed the incidence of viral and fungal infections in kidney transplant recipients treated with () or without () rituximab (RTX) in addition to standard immunosuppression. Results. Infections occurred in 134 (30%) patients, with a greater proportion in RTX versus no RTX patients (47% versus 28%; ). Viral infections occurred in 44% and 27% of RTX and no RTX patients, respectively (). This was largely driven by the frequency of BK viremia and noncytomegalovirus/non-BK viruses in RTX patients (27% versus 13% () and 15% versus 2% (), resp.). Fungal infections also occurred more often in RTX patients (11% versus 3 %; ). Multivariate analysis revealed deceased donor recipient (odds ratio = 2.5; ) and rituximab exposure (odds ratio = 2.2; ) as independent risk factors for infection. Older patients, deceased donor recipients, those on dialysis longer, and those with delayed graft function tended to be at a greater risk for infections following rituximab. Conclusions. Rituximab is associated with an increased incidence of viral and fungal infections in kidney transplantation. Additional preventative measures and/or monitoring infectious complications may be warranted in those receiving rituximab.

scholarly journals A Review of Enteric-coated Mycophenolate Sodium for Renal Transplant Immunosuppression

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. CMT.S2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Newbold ◽  
Brianna Riley ◽  
Karen Hardinger
Keyword(s):  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Mycophenolic Acid ◽  
Renal Transplant Recipients ◽  
Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complications ◽  
Mycophenolate Sodium ◽  
Delayed Release ◽  
Enteric Coated ◽  
The Impact

Mycophenolic acid inhibits an enzyme, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), blocking purine synthesis of lymphocytes and therefore functioning as an effective immunosuppressive agent in transplantation. Currently, there are two available forms of mycophenolic acid (MPA) available; mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated, delayed-release mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS). Both products are approved for prophylaxis of organ rejection in renal transplant recipients. The use of MPA may be associated with adverse gastrointestinal effects which can lead to a reduction of the dose or discontinuation of therapy. Enteric-coated MPS was developed to reduce the upper gastrointestinal side effects due to its delayed release in the small intestines. Similar systemic MPA exposure is provided by oral administration of MMF 1000 mg daily and EC-MPS 720 mg, which contain near equimolar MPA content. Clinical trials in renal transplant recipients have demonstrated that EC-MPS is therapeutically equivalent to MMF when used at the time of transplantation and when used for conversion for gastrointestinal complications. The available literature regarding the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal adverse effects and the impact on quality of life remains controversial. Prospective, randomized trials of the available MPA formulations are warranted to further explore the gastrointestinal adverse effect profiles.

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