scholarly journals Comparative genome analysis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from domestic pigs and wild boars suggests host adaptation and selective pressure from the use of antibiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Söderlund ◽  
Nicoletta Formenti ◽  
Stefania Caló ◽  
Mario Chiari ◽  
Mate Zoric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Extracellular Proteins ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Capsule Production

The disease erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) is a major concern in pig production. In the present study the genomes of ER from pigs (n=87), wild boars (n=71) and other sources (n=85) were compared in terms of whole-genome SNP variation, accessory genome content and the presence of genetic antibiotic resistance determinants. The aim was to investigate if genetic features among ER were associated with isolate origin in order to better estimate the risk of transmission of porcine-adapted strains from wild boars to free-range pigs and to increase our understanding of the evolution of ER. Pigs and wild boars carried isolates representing all ER clades, but clade one only occurred in healthy wild boars and healthy pigs. Several accessory genes or gene variants were found to be significantly associated with the pig and wild boar hosts, with genes predicted to encode cell wall-associated or extracellular proteins overrepresented. Gene variants associated with serovar determination and capsule production in serovars known to be pathogenic for pigs were found to be significantly associated with pigs as hosts. In total, 30 % of investigated pig isolates but only 6 % of wild boar isolates carried resistance genes, most commonly tetM (tetracycline) and lsa(E) together with lnu(B) (lincosamides, pleuromutilin and streptogramin A). The incidence of variably present genes including resistance determinants was weakly linked to phylogeny, indicating that host adaptation in ER has evolved multiple times in diverse lineages mediated by recombination and the acquisition of mobile genetic elements. The presented results support the occurrence of host-adapted ER strains, but they do not indicate frequent transmission between wild boars and domestic pigs. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

scholarly journals Copy Number and Prevalence of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs) in German Wild Boars

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Luise Krüger ◽  
Milena Stillfried ◽  
Carolin Prinz ◽  
Vanessa Schröder ◽  
Lena Katharina Neubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Cellular Genes ◽  
Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Different Populations

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of pigs and are transmitted like cellular genes from parents to the offspring. Whereas PERV-A and PERV-B are present in all pigs, PERV-C was found to be in many, but not all pigs. When PERV-C is present, recombination with PERV-A may happen and the PERV-A/C recombinants are characterized by a high replication rate. Until now, nothing has been known about the copy number of PERVs in wild boars and little is known about the prevalence of the phylogenetically youngest PERV-C in ancient wild boars. Here we investigated for the first time the copy number of PERVs in different populations of wild boars in and around Berlin using droplet digital PCR. Copy numbers between 3 and 69 per genome have been measured. A lower number but a higher variability was found compared to domestic pigs, including minipigs reported earlier (Fiebig et al., Xenotransplantation, 2018). The wild boar populations differed genetically and had been isolated during the existence of the Berlin wall. Despite this, the variations in copy number were larger in a single population compared to the differences between the populations. PERV-C was found in all 92 analyzed animals. Differences in the copy number of PERV in different organs of a single wild boar indicate that PERVs are also active in wild boars, replicating and infecting new cells as has been shown in domestic pigs.

scholarly journals Selected aspects related to epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, and control of African swine fever

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Woźniakowski ◽  
Magdalena Frączyk ◽  
Krzysztof Niemczuk ◽  
Zygmunt Pejsak
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
New Era ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
International Transport ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is currently one of the most severe viral infections of domestic pigs, wild boars, and other hosts belonging to Suidae family. ASF is also considered as the most complex and devastating infectious and haemorrhagic disease of swine due to its severe socio-economic impact and transboundary character. ASF it is a notifiable disease and due to the lack of specific treatment and vaccine, the disease can be only limited by the administrative measures comprising wild boar hunting and stamping out of affected pigs. ASF occurred for the first time in Kenya in 1921 while in Europe (Portugal) the virus was detected at the end of the 1950s. In spite of successful eradication of this threat in a number of affected regions, the virus remains endemic in both feral and domestic pigs in Africa and Sardinia. The ‘new era’ of ASF started in 2007 after its re-introduction to Georgia. Following its intensive expansion, the virus spread to other Caucasian countries, including the territory of the Russian Federation. In 2014 the virus reached Ukraine, Belarus, and, consequently, European Union countries: Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Poland. The occurrence of ASF in wild boars and pigs had a severe impact on both epidemiology and economy because of the national and international transport and trade consequences. Up to date, starting from the February 2014, eighty ASF cases in wild boar and three outbreaks in domestic pigs have been diagnosed. Taking into account the diverse rate of spread in Poland, this review aims to present and discuss the current state of knowledge on ASF including its epidemiology, pathology, transmission, and perspectives of control.

scholarly journals Metagenomic analysis of acquired antibiotic resistance determinants in the gut microbiota of wild boars (Sus scrofa) – preliminary results

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Balázs Libisch ◽  
Tibor Keresztény ◽  
Zoltán Kerényi ◽  
Róbert Kocsis ◽  
Rita Sipos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Faecal Microbiome ◽  
Acquired Antibiotic Resistance

AbstractIntroductionLand application of manure that contains antibiotics and resistant bacteria may facilitate the establishment of an environmental reservoir of antibiotic-resistant microbes, promoting their dissemination into agricultural and natural habitats. The main objective of this study was to search for acquired antibiotic resistance determinants in the gut microbiota of wild boar populations living in natural habitats.Material and MethodsGastrointestinal samples of free-living wild boars were collected in the Zemplén Mountains in Hungary and were characterised by culture-based, metagenomic, and molecular microbiological methods. Bioinformatic analysis of the faecal microbiome of a hunted wild boar from Japan was used for comparative studies. Also, shotgun metagenomic sequencing data of two untreated sewage wastewater samples from North Pest (Hungary) from 2016 were analysed by bioinformatic methods. Minimum spanning tree diagrams for seven-gene MLST profiles of 104 E. coli strains isolated in Europe from wild boars and domestic pigs were generated in Enterobase.ResultsIn the ileum of a diarrhoeic boar, a dominant E. coli O112ab:H2 strain with intermediate resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin was identified, displaying sequence type ST388 and harbouring the EAST1 toxin astA gene. Metagenomic analyses of the colon and rectum digesta revealed the presence of the tetQ, tetW, tetO, and mefA antibiotic resistance genes that were also detected in the gut microbiome of four other wild boars from the mountains. Furthermore, the tetQ and cfxA genes were identified in the faecal microbiome of a hunted wild boar from Japan.ConclusionThe gastrointestinal microbiota of the free-living wild boars examined in this study carried acquired antibiotic resistance determinants that are highly prevalent among domestic livestock populations.

scholarly journals Differentiating Pigs from Wild Boars Based on NR6A1 and MC1R Gene Polymorphisms

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2123
Author(s):  
Anna Koseniuk ◽  
Grzegorz Smołucha ◽  
Małgorzata Natonek-Wiśniewska ◽  
Anna Radko ◽  
Dominika Rubiś
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Large White ◽  
Allelic Discrimination Assay ◽  
Allelic Discrimination ◽  
Mc1r Gene ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Network Software

This preliminary study aimed to differentiate domestic pigs from wild boars based on MC1R and NR6A1 polymorphisms and to identify admixture between these genomes. We studied samples obtained from wild boars from two regions of Poland and five pig breeds: Polish Landrace, Polish Large White, Złotnicka White, Pulawska and Duroc. Along the MC1R gene sequence, we identified four polymorphic loci comprising three codons. The “wild type” allele was primarily found in wild boar but also in the Duroc and Złotnicka White breeds. Non-wild type alleles were identified in the vast majority of domestic pig samples and in two wild boar samples. Based on MC1R profiles, we conducted a population study, and revealed admixture between both genomes using STRUCTURE and NETWORK Software. Interestingly, an allelic discrimination assay with NR6A1 g.748C > T TaqMan probes revealed a clear separation of samples into two groups: wild boar samples representing the C allele and domestic breeds representing the T allele. Based on the obtained results, we conclude that NR6A1 g.748C > T is an effective marker for differentiating between wild boars and domestic pigs, where this is supported by MC1R data, to identify admixed profiles. We recommend that a larger sample of genomes is studied to verify this method.

scholarly journals Territorial pattern between outbreaks of ASF among wild and domestic pigs in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (104) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Ye. O. Dudnyk
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Weak Links ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Focus Of Infection ◽  
Epizootic Process

The article presents the results of the analysis of the epizootic situation in Ukraine regarding African swine fever among domestic and wild pigs from 2012 to 2020 and identifies the main sources of virus spread as well as weak links in the biological safety system of farms. When studying the statistical material of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection regarding animal morbidity, revealed a territorial pattern between the outbreaks of African swine fever among wild boars and domestic pigs of private farms and pig-breeding complexes, and proved the involvement of the European boar in the epizootic process as a natural reservoir and mobile focus of infection. Calculated the number of outbreaks of African swine fever among wild boars and domestic pigs within the same region and district, and studied the sequence of the emergence of foci on limited territories. Analyzed the natural focality of the disease, the probability of infection transmission to the domestic pig farm sector, and the role of infected objects in the spread of the virus among wild animal populations. From 2012 to 2020 inclusive, according to FAO statistics, 537 cases of African swine fever were recorded in Ukraine, 21.7 % of which were associated with wild boars. In 2017 and 2018, the role of the European wild boar in the epizootic process is best reflected, when 10.9 % (2017) and 20.4 % (2018) of outbreaks of African swine fever among domestic animals recorded in the same administrative districts, where during a year this desiase was detected among wild pigs. When analyzing statistical data of the recent years, the effectiveness of introducing more detailed monitoring of African swine fever among wild boars using modern laboratory methods and improving biosafety measures in the private sector and directly on hunting grounds has been proved. Further research is based on predicting the dynamics of the spread of African swine fever in Ukraine and the role of wild boar in this epizootic process. In addition, the role of wild boar in the spread of African swine fever in other countries and the most effective foreign methods of disease control and prevention will be analyzed.

scholarly journals Afrykański pomór świń i interwencyjny odstrzał dzika – podstawy prawa unijnego i krajowego

2020 ◽  
pp. 347-356
Author(s):  
Magdalena Sitek
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
European Countries ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Wild Boar Hunting

The ASF virus has been spreading among wild boars for over a decade in several European countries, including Poland. As a result, there are quitenumerous infections among domestic pigs as well. Therefore, numerous EU and Member State regulations have been published in this respect anda biosecurity procedure has been introduced. One of its elements is to hunt wild boars in areas vulnerable to the ASF virus. The increase in the numberof infections among wild boars and the appearance of numerous outbreaks of this disease among pigs prompted the Polish authorities to allow a significant increase in the amount of wild boar hunting. This decision aroused debate on the legitimacy of such a solution. The purpose of this study is toanalyse the provisions of EU and Polish law regarding the legitimacy of an increase in the amount of wild boar hunting in Poland.

scholarly journals Characterisation of pseudorabies virus in domestic pigs and wild boars in Croatia

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Keros ◽  
Dragan Brnić ◽  
Jelena Prpić ◽  
Danko Dežđek ◽  
Lorena Jemeršić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Genome Fragment ◽  
Serological Data

Serological data imply that pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease) is present in domestic pigs and wild boars in Croatia. Therefore, this study included testing of brain tissue samples collected from 200 domestic pigs and 105 wild boars originating from seventeen districts of Croatia. The presence of pseudorabies virus (PrV) DNA was confirmed in samples originating from six domestic pigs (3%) and one wild boar (0.95%). Positive samples were sequenced and analysed on the basis of a gC genome fragment. PrV strains have shown to be genetically identical and they are strongly related to some representative strains in the relatively heterogeneous Clade A. The results clearly show that PrV is still circulating among the domestic pig population in Croatia. Furthermore, the presence of pseudorabies virus in wild boars underlines the importance of this species as a PrV reservoir. Continued surveillance is necessary to track the viral spread in order to achieve final eradication of the disease.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Isolated from Korean Wild Boars

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Sok Song ◽  
Gyu-Nam Park ◽  
SeEun Choe ◽  
Ra Mi Cha ◽  
Song-Yi Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor

In Korea, three genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) have been identified on domestic pig farms, while two genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) have been identified in wild boar populations. Here, we investigated genotype diversity and genotypic shift in 91 PCV2 isolates from 1340 wild boars captured in South Korea between 2013 and 2017. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete ORF2 showed that the 91 PCV2 strains were detected as four genotypes by qPCR screening assay: PCV2a (2.2%, 2/91), PCV2b (16.5%, 15/91), PCV2d (80.2%, 73/91), and PCV2h (1.1%, 1/91). Only one intergenotype recombinant event was detected between PCV2 ORF2 in wild boars (PCV2b) and domestic pigs (PCV2a). Amino acid positions 86–89 within ORF2, which distinguishes the different genotypes, were conserved in all PCV2 genotypes isolated from South Korean wild boars, including TNKI in PCV2a/PCV2h, SNPR in PCV2b, and SNPL in PCV2d. The estimated nucleotide substitution rates in the ORF2 region of viruses from South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs were 5.8145 × 10−4 and 4.5838 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year (s/s/y), respectively. The times to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for South Korean domestic pig PCV2 were 1937 (PCV2a), 1972 (PCV2b), 1999 (PCV2d-1), and 2000 (PCV2d-2). By contrast, the tMRCA for South Korean wild boar PCV2b and PCV2d were 1989 and 2001, respectively. Thus, the PCV2d genotype is prevalent among South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs.

scholarly journals Characterization and Identification of a Novel Candidate Vaccine Protein through Systematic Analysis of Extracellular Proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 4333-4340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Shi ◽  
Yohsuke Ogawa ◽  
Akiyuki Sano ◽  
Tomoyuki Harada ◽  
Jiro Hirota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Enzymes ◽  
Extracellular Proteins ◽  
Vaccine Antigen ◽  
Immunogold Electron Microscopy ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTErysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of swine erysipelas, is a facultative intracellular Gram-positive bacterium. It has been shown that animals immunized with a filtrate fromE. rhusiopathiaecultures are protected against lethal challenge. In this study, we identified and characterized the extracellular proteins ofE. rhusiopathiaeto search for novel vaccine antigens. A concentrated culture supernatant from theE. rhusiopathiaeFujisawa strain, which has been found to induce protection in mice, was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis. From more than 40 confirmed protein spots, 16 major protein spots were selected and subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequence determination, and 14 protein spots were successfully identified. The identified proteins included housekeeping proteins and other metabolic enzymes. We searched for surface-localized proteins by analyzing the genomes of twoE. rhusiopathiaestrains: Fujisawa and ATCC 19414. Genome analysis revealed that the ATCC 19414 strain has three putative surface-exposedcholine-bindingproteins (CBPs): CbpA, CbpB, and CbpC. Each CBP contains a putative choline-binding domain. The CbpC gene is mutated in Fujisawa, becoming a nonfunctional pseudogene. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed that CbpA and CbpB, as well as the majority of the metabolic enzymes examined, are associated with the cell surface ofE. rhusiopathiaeFujisawa. Immunization with recombinant CbpB, but not with other recombinant CBPs or metabolic enzymes, protected mice against lethal challenge. A phagocytosis assay revealed that antiserum against CbpB promoted opsonin-mediated phagocytosis by murine macrophagesin vitro. The protective capabilities of CbpB were confirmed in pigs, suggesting that CbpB could be used as a vaccine antigen.

scholarly journals Oesophagostominae (Nematoda: Chabertiidae) Of Suids From Southern Poland / Oesophagostominae (Nematoda: Chabertiidae) u świniowatych z Polski południowej

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Nosal ◽  
Zbigniew Bonczar ◽  
Jerzy Kowal ◽  
Bogusław Nowosad
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Oesophagostomum Dentatum ◽  
In The Wild

Abstract Until recently, the genus Oesophagostomum was the only Oesophagostominae occurring commonly in both domestic and wild suids of Europe. A few years ago, an alien oesophagostomin nematode Bourgelatia diducta was recorded in the wild boar population from southern Poland, and Vietnamese potbellied pig was blamed for introduction of this Far Eastern parasite. Apart from wild boars kept in captivity for meat production purposes, Vietnamese potbellied pigs can be raised in extensive, organic, or especially agrotourism farms, which constitutes an infection hazard to domestic pigs. The aim of the research was to determine and compare species composition of Oesophagostominae in wild boars from the natural environment, and in domestic pigs from extensively managed farms, located in the area where B. diducta was previously noted for the first time. A postmortem examination of the large intestines of 25 wild boars and 20 domestic pigs, each from different smallholdings, was conducted in the autumn and winter season of 2010- 2011. Oesophagostomum dentatum with coexisting O. quadrispinulatum were ascertained in swine, whereas the sole Bourgelatia diducta was recorded in wild boars. All the parasites occurred commonly in their hosts, with the prevalence of 80, 50 and 32% for O. dentatum, O. quadrispinulatum and B. diducta, respectively. Mean number of worms was many-fold higher in pigs, reaching 181 (range 1 to 2500) specimens in individual host, versus 3 (1-6) parasites in wild boars. A presumable influence of the alien nematode species on the European wild boar population as well as the potential for further spread of the parasite are elucidated

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