scholarly journals Comparison of the in vitro activity of ampicillin and moxifloxacin against Listeria monocytogenes at achievable concentrations in the central nervous system

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Pupo ◽  
Jose A. Lepe ◽  
Younes Smani ◽  
Javier Aznar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals Beyond Oncological Hyperthermia: Physically Drivable Magnetic Nanobubbles as Novel Multipurpose Theranostic Carriers in the Central Nervous System

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Ficiarà ◽  
Shoeb Anwar Ansari ◽  
Monica Argenziano ◽  
Luigi Cangemi ◽  
Chiara Monge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Conventional Radiotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Magnetic Oxygen-Loaded Nanobubbles (MOLNBs), manufactured by adding Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the surface of polymeric nanobubbles, are investigated as theranostic carriers for delivering oxygen and chemotherapy to brain tumors. Physicochemical and cyto-toxicological properties and in vitro internalization by human brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as the motion of MOLNBs in a static magnetic field were investigated. MOLNBs are safe oxygen-loaded vectors able to overcome the brain membranes and drivable through the Central Nervous System (CNS) to deliver their cargoes to specific sites of interest. In addition, MOLNBs are monitorable either via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Ultrasound (US) sonography. MOLNBs can find application in targeting brain tumors since they can enhance conventional radiotherapy and deliver chemotherapy being driven by ad hoc tailored magnetic fields under MRI and/or US monitoring.

scholarly journals Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Cellular Populations of the Central Nervous System: The Influence of Donor Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1725
Author(s):  
Diego Delgado ◽  
Ane Miren Bilbao ◽  
Maider Beitia ◽  
Ane Garate ◽  
Pello Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a biologic therapy that promotes healing responses across multiple medical fields, including the central nervous system (CNS). The efficacy of this therapy depends on several factors such as the donor’s health status and age. This work aims to prove the effect of PRP on cellular models of the CNS, considering the differences between PRP from young and elderly donors. Two different PRP pools were prepared from donors 65–85 and 20–25 years old. The cellular and molecular composition of both PRPs were analyzed. Subsequently, the cellular response was evaluated in CNS in vitro models, studying proliferation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and inflammation. While no differences in the cellular composition of PRPs were found, the molecular composition of the Young PRP showed lower levels of inflammatory molecules such as CCL-11, as well as the presence of other factors not found in Aged PRP (GDF-11). Although both PRPs had effects in terms of reducing neural progenitor cell apoptosis, stabilizing neuronal synapses, and decreasing inflammation in the microglia, the effect of the Young PRP was more pronounced. In conclusion, the molecular composition of the PRP, conditioned by the age of the donors, affects the magnitude of the biological response.

scholarly journals Design and In Vitro Study of a Dual Drug-Loaded Delivery System Produced by Electrospinning for the Treatment of Acute Injuries of the Central Nervous System

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Luisa Stella Dolci ◽  
Rosaria Carmela Perone ◽  
Roberto Di Gesù ◽  
Mallesh Kurakula ◽  
Chiara Gualandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Vitro Release ◽  
Dual Drug

Vascular and traumatic injuries of the central nervous system are recognized as global health priorities. A polypharmacology approach that is able to simultaneously target several injury factors by the combination of agents having synergistic effects appears to be promising. Herein, we designed a polymeric delivery system loaded with two drugs, ibuprofen (Ibu) and thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) to in vitro release the suitable amount of the anti-inflammation and the remyelination drug. As a production method, electrospinning technology was used. First, Ibu-loaded micro (diameter circa 0.95–1.20 µm) and nano (diameter circa 0.70 µm) fibers were produced using poly(l-lactide) PLLA and PLGA with different lactide/glycolide ratios (50:50, 75:25, and 85:15) to select the most suitable polymer and fiber diameter. Based on the in vitro release results and in-house knowledge, PLLA nanofibers (mean diameter = 580 ± 120 nm) loaded with both Ibu and T3 were then successfully produced by a co-axial electrospinning technique. The in vitro release studies demonstrated that the final Ibu/T3 PLLA system extended the release of both drugs for 14 days, providing the target sustained release. Finally, studies in cell cultures (RAW macrophages and neural stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cells—OPCs) demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and promyelinating efficacy of the dual drug-loaded delivery platform.

scholarly journals Tuberin levels during cellular differentiation in brain development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashaer Abu Khatir ◽  
Gordon Omar Davis ◽  
Mariam Sameem ◽  
Rutu Patel ◽  
Jackie Fong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Embryonic Mouse ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Tuberin is a member of a large protein complex, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, and acts as a sensor for nutrient status regulating protein synthesis and cell cycle progression. Mutations in the Tuberin gene, TSC2, lead to the formation of tumors and developmental defects in many organ systems, including the central nervous system. Tuberin is expressed in the brain throughout development and levels of Tuberin have been found to decrease during neuronal differentiation in cell lines in vitro. Our current work investigates the levels of Tuberin at two stages of embryonic development in vivo, and we study the mRNA and protein levels during a time course using immortalized cell lines in vitro. Our results show that Tuberin levels remain stable in the olfactory bulb but decrease in the Purkinje cell layer during embryonic mouse brain development. We show here that Tuberin levels are higher when cells are cultured as neurospheres, and knockdown of Tuberin results in a reduction in the number of neurospheres. These data provide support for the hypothesis that Tuberin is an important regulator of stemness and the reduction of Tuberin levels might support functional differentiation in the central nervous system. Understanding how Tuberin expression is regulated throughout neural development is essential to fully comprehend the role of this protein in several developmental and neural pathologies.

scholarly journals Novel in vitro Experimental Approaches to Study Myelination and Remyelination in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Marangon ◽  
Nicolò Caporale ◽  
Marta Boccazzi ◽  
Maria P. Abbracchio ◽  
Giuseppe Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Myelin is the lipidic insulating structure enwrapping axons and allowing fast saltatory nerve conduction. In the central nervous system, myelin sheath is the result of the complex packaging of multilamellar extensions of oligodendrocyte (OL) membranes. Before reaching myelinating capabilities, OLs undergo a very precise program of differentiation and maturation that starts from OL precursor cells (OPCs). In the last 20 years, the biology of OPCs and their behavior under pathological conditions have been studied through several experimental models. When co-cultured with neurons, OPCs undergo terminal maturation and produce myelin tracts around axons, allowing to investigate myelination in response to exogenous stimuli in a very simple in vitro system. On the other hand, in vivo models more closely reproducing some of the features of human pathophysiology enabled to assess the consequences of demyelination and the molecular mechanisms of remyelination, and they are often used to validate the effect of pharmacological agents. However, they are very complex, and not suitable for large scale drug discovery screening. Recent advances in cell reprogramming, biophysics and bioengineering have allowed impressive improvements in the methodological approaches to study brain physiology and myelination. Rat and mouse OPCs can be replaced by human OPCs obtained by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from healthy or diseased individuals, thus offering unprecedented possibilities for personalized disease modeling and treatment. OPCs and neural cells can be also artificially assembled, using 3D-printed culture chambers and biomaterial scaffolds, which allow modeling cell-to-cell interactions in a highly controlled manner. Interestingly, scaffold stiffness can be adopted to reproduce the mechanosensory properties assumed by tissues in physiological or pathological conditions. Moreover, the recent development of iPSC-derived 3D brain cultures, called organoids, has made it possible to study key aspects of embryonic brain development, such as neuronal differentiation, maturation and network formation in temporal dynamics that are inaccessible to traditional in vitro cultures. Despite the huge potential of organoids, their application to myelination studies is still in its infancy. In this review, we shall summarize the novel most relevant experimental approaches and their implications for the identification of remyelinating agents for human diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Axonal targeting of agrin in cultured rat dorsal horn neurons

1996 ◽  
Vol 109 (13) ◽  
pp. 2959-2966
Author(s):  
G. Escher ◽  
C. Bechade ◽  
S. Levi ◽  
A. Triller
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuromuscular Junction ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Dorsal Horn Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Agrin, a synaptic basal lamina protein synthesized by motoneurons is involved in the aggregation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) at the neuromuscular junction. Agrin transcripts are broadly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) including non-cholinergic regions. This wide distribution of agrin mRNAs raises the question of its function in these areas. To approach this question, we analysed the expression and cellular distribution of agrin in primary cultures of rat embryonic dorsal horn neurons. Polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the four agrin isoform (B0, B8, B11, B19) mRNAs are expressed as early as 4 days in vitro, before the formation of functional synaptic contacts. Western blots also showed that agrin-like proteins are secreted in conditioned medium from 7 days cultures. We analysed the subcellular distribution of agrin by double immunolabeling and fluorescence microscopy. We found that agrin is synthesized by almost all neurons and was present in the somata and in the axons but not in dendrites within the sensitivity of the detection. This intra-axonal localisation of agrin could only be seen after permeabilization. Furthermore, agrin immunoreactive axons were found adjacent to gephyrin, the postsynaptic glycine receptor-associated protein. Altogether, our results suggest that, as established at the neuromuscular junction, agrin may be involved in pre- to postsynaptic interactions in the central nervous system.

Design, fabrication, and testing of a bioprinted nerve graft

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Christopher M. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Graft ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
In Vivo Animal Model ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Injuries to nerves vary in their consequences, from weakened sensation and motor function to partial or complete paralysis. In the latter case, affecting about twenty thousand Americans yearly, the injury is debilitating and results in a significant decrease in quality of life. Currently there is no effective treatment for damage to the central nervous system, in particular the spinal cord. Compared to the injuries to the central nervous system, damage in the peripheral nerves, is more common, with about sixty thousand occurrences annually. The cost of associated surgical procedures and due to loss of function is in the billions. In this thesis we present work towards the construction and testing of a fully cellular, patented nerve graft, one amongst the first of its kind. For the fabrication of the graft we are the first to employ bioprinting (either implemented through a special purpose 3D bioprinter or manually), a novel tissue engineering method rapidly gaining acceptance and utility. We first review the status of bioprinting. We then detail the fabrication process. Next we report on the testing of the graft in an in vivo animal model through electrophysiology and histology. This is followed by the introduction of a novel in vitro model, aimed at providing a fast, inexpensive and reliable method to test engineered nerve grafts. We describe our work on the optimization of the in vitro assay and then the testing of the graft using the optimized assay. We conclude with a summary of our accomplishments and make suggestions for some exciting future applications of our approach.

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