Comparison of gut viral communities in diarrhoea and healthy dairy calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Lu ◽  
Xiuguo Hua ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Shengyao Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Ecology ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Calf Diarrhoea ◽  
Viral Communities ◽  
Virus Community ◽  
Multiple Pathogen ◽  
Complete Genomic

Calf diarrhoea has been a major cause of economic losses in the global dairy industry. Many factors, including multiple pathogen infections, can directly or indirectly cause calf diarrhoea. This study compared the faecal virome between 15 healthy calves and 15 calves with diarrhoea. Significantly lower diversity of viruses was found in samples from animals with diarrhoea than those in the healthy ones, and this feature may also be related to the age of the calves. Viruses belonging to the families Astroviridae and Caliciviridae that may cause diarrhoea in dairy calves have been characterized, which revealed that reads of caliciviruses and astroviruses in diarrhoea calves were much higher than those in healthy calves. Five complete genomic sequences closely related to Smacoviridae have been identified, which may participate in the regulation of the gut virus community ecology of healthy hosts together with bacteriophages. This research provides a theoretical basis for further understanding of known or potential enteric pathogens related to calf diarrhoea.

scholarly journals Prevalence of major enteric pathogens in Australian dairy calves with diarrhoea

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Izzo ◽  
PD Kirkland ◽  
VL Mohler ◽  
NR Perkins ◽  
AA Gunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Dairy Calves

Antigenic Detection of Enteric Pathogens Associated with Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
A. Madesh ◽  
A.K. Verma ◽  
C.K. Athira ◽  
S. Gupta ◽  
V. Athira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Neonatal Calf ◽  
Calf Diarrhoea

scholarly journals Natural Secretory Immunoglobulins Enhance Norovirus Infection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Turula ◽  
Juliana Bragazzi-Cunha ◽  
Sadeesh Ramakrishnan ◽  
Carol Wilke ◽  
Mariam Gonzalez-Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lymphoid Follicle ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
M Cells ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulins

AbstractSecretory immunoglobulins (SIg) are a first line of mucosal defense by the host. They are secreted into the gut lumen via the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) where they bind to antigen and are transported back across the FAE via M cells. Noroviruses are highly prevalent, enteric pathogens that cause significant morbidity, mortality and economic losses worldwide. Murine norovirus (MNV) exploits microfold (M) cells to cross the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and infect the underlying population of immune cells. However, whether natural, innate SIg can protect against norovirus infection remains unknown. To investigate the role of natural SIg during murine norovirus pathogenesis, we used pIgR-deficient animals, which lack SIg in the intestinal lumen. Contrary to other enteric pathogens, acute MNV replication was significantly reduced in the gastrointestinal tract of pIgR-deficient animals compared to controls, despite increased numbers of dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells in the Peyer’s patch, established MNV target cell types. Also, natural SIg did not alter MNV FAE binding or FAE crossing into the lymphoid follicle. Instead, further analysis revealed enhanced baseline levels of the antiviral molecules interferon gamma (IFNɣ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the small intestine of naive pIgR-deficient animals compared to controls. Removing the microbiota equalized IFNɣ and iNOS transcript levels as well as MNV viral loads in germ-free pIgR KO mice compared to germ-free controls. These data are consistent with a model whereby SIg sensing reduces pro-inflammatory, antiviral molecules, which facilitates intestinal homeostasis but thereby promotes MNV infection. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that natural SIg are not protective during norovirus infection in mice and represent another example of indirect modulation of enteric virus pathogenesis by the microbiota.

scholarly journals Neonatal diarrhea and rotavirus A infection in beef and dairy calves, Brazil, 2006-2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Thais N.S. Medeiros ◽  
Elis Lorenzetti ◽  
Rodrigo P. Massi ◽  
Alice F. Alfieri ◽  
Amauri A. Alfieri
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Neonatal Diarrhea ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Cattle Herds

ABSTRACT: Calf diarrhea causes substantial economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Bovine rotavirus A (RVA) is the main viral agent that leads to enteric infection and diarrhea outbreaks in calves throughout the world. The aim of this retrospective (2006-2015) study was to determine the frequency of RVA detection in diarrheic fecal samples from beef and dairy calves from the three main cattle-producing regions of Brazil. Diarrheic fecal samples (n=1,498) of 124 beef and 56 dairy cattle herds from the Midwest, South, and Southeast geographical regions of Brazil were evaluated using the silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE) technique. RVA double stranded-RNA was identified by the ss-PAGE technique in 410 (27.4%) fecal samples. The frequency of positive samples found in beef calves (31.9%; 328/1,027) was higher than the frequency found in diarrheic fecal samples from dairy calves (17.4%; 82/471). RVA infection was identified in calves from the three Brazilian geographical regions analyzed. However, the frequency of positive diarrheic calves in the Midwest region (39.4%), predominantly beef calves, was higher than in the South (19.4%) and Southeast (17.6%) regions. The temporal distribution of RVA-infected calves evaluated by two five-year periods (2006-2010, 24.5%; 2011-2015, 28.8%) demonstrated a very similar frequency of RVA in both periods. Considering the wide regional and temporal scope of this study, it can be concluded that RVA remains an important etiology of neonatal diarrhea in calves of Brazilian cattle herds.

scholarly journals Molecular Enumeration of an Ecologically Important Cyanophage in a Laurentian Great Lake

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (19) ◽  
pp. 6772-6779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey R. Matteson ◽  
Star N. Loar ◽  
Richard A. Bourbonniere ◽  
Steven W. Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Great Lake ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Laurentian Great Lakes ◽  
Ecological Relevance ◽  
Lake System ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Viral Communities ◽  
Virus Community

ABSTRACTConsiderable research has shown that cyanobacteria and the viruses that infect them (cyanophage) are pervasive and diverse in global lake populations. Few studies have seasonally analyzed freshwater systems, and little is known about the bacterial and viral communities that coexist during the harsh winters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Here, we employed quantitative PCR to estimate the abundance of cyanomyoviruses in this system, using the portal vertexg20gene as a proxy for cyanophage abundance and to determine the potential ecological relevance of these viruses. Cyanomyoviruses were abundant in both the summer and the winter observations, with up to 3.1 × 106copies ofg20genes ml−1found at several stations and depths in both seasons, representing up to 4.6% of the total virus community. Lake Erie was productive during both our observations, with high chlorophyllaconcentrations in the summer (up to 10.3 μg liter−1) and winter (up to 5.2 μg liter−1). Both bacterial and viral abundances were significantly higher during the summer than during the winter (P< 0.05). Summer bacterial abundances ranged from 3.3 × 106to 1.6 × 107ml−1while winter abundances ranged between ∼3.4 × 105and 1.2 × 106ml−1. Total virus abundances were high during both months, with summer abundances significantly higher at most stations, ranging from 6.5 × 107to 8.8 × 107ml−1, and with winter abundances ranging from 3.4 × 107to 6.6 × 107ml−1. This work confirms that putative cyanomyoviruses are ubiquitous in both summer and winter months in this large freshwater lake system and that they are an abundant component of the virioplankton group.

Spiral Management

2020 ◽  
pp. 174-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justína Mikulášková ◽  
Miloš Čambál ◽  
Ľuboš Polakovič ◽  
Petra Urbanovičová
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Organization Management ◽  
Insight Into

Spiral management and its principles are based on the long-term successful existence of living systems. The principles can be applied to the enterprise and organization management. Living systems manage long-term success by acquiring energy from their surroundings (through nutrition), while enterprises acquire customers and employees' energy in order to eliminate entropy (in enterprises manifested as economic losses). Spiral management is based on the synergy of living systems. It describes behavior patterns in the cyclical development of enterprises as well as the ability of the latter to diagnose their own strategic decisions, including the instructions of how to drive an enterprise towards a long-term success. The chapter describes theoretical basis of spiral management while providing a novel insight into this unique managerial approach and emphasizing its importance for the human resources management. Also introduced are the elements of spiral management applied in the enterprises that want to be competitive and survive turbulent periods.

scholarly journals Metatranscriptome Library Preparation Influences Analyses of Viral Community Activity During a Brown Tide Bloom

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Gann ◽  
Yoonja Kang ◽  
Sonya T. Dyhrman ◽  
Christopher J. Gobler ◽  
Steven W. Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Brown Tide ◽  
Aureococcus Anophagefferens ◽  
Brown Tides ◽  
Viral Communities ◽  
Brown Tide Bloom ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Virus Community

There is growing interest in the use of metatranscriptomics to study virus community dynamics. We used RNA samples collected from harmful brown tides caused by the eukaryotic alga Aureococcus anophagefferens within New York (United States) estuaries and in the process observed how preprocessing of libraries by either selection for polyadenylation or reduction in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) influenced virus community analyses. As expected, more reads mapped to the A. anophagefferens genome in polyadenylation-selected libraries compared to the rRNA-reduced libraries, with reads mapped in each sample correlating to one another regardless of preprocessing of libraries. Yet, this trend was not seen for reads mapping to the Aureococcus anophagefferens Virus (AaV), where significantly more reads (approximately two orders of magnitude) were mapped to the AaV genome in the rRNA-reduced libraries. In the rRNA-reduced libraries, there was a strong and significant correlation between reads mappings to AaV and A. anophagefferens. Overall, polyadenylation-selected libraries produced fewer viral contigs, fewer reads mapped to viral contigs, and different proportions across viral realms and families, compared to their rRNA-reduced pairs. This study provides evidence that libraries generated by rRNA reduction and not selected for polyadenylation are more appropriate for quantitative characterization of viral communities in aquatic ecosystems by metatranscriptomics.

scholarly journals Bacterial pathogens of the lower respiratory tract of calves from Brazilian rural settlement herds and their association with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália C. Gaeta ◽  
Bruno L.M. Ribeiro ◽  
Mario A.R. Alemán ◽  
Eidi Yoshihara ◽  
Alessandra F.C. Nassar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Staphylococcus Intermedius

ABSTRACT: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered the major cause of economic losses in dairy and beef cattle production. The study aimed to detect the most important bacteria related to respiratory disease in tracheobronchial fluid samples of healthy and dairy calves with clinical signs of BRD in Brazilian rural settlements. Hundred and forty-one mongrel dairy calves were randomly selected from 42 family farm dairy herds from Brazilian settlements. Physical examination was performed and calves were classified as healthy (n=100) and BRD (n=41). Tracheobronchial fluid samples were collected. Isolation and molecular detection of Mycoplasma dispar, M. bovis and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC besides isolation of other aerobic bacteria were performed. Abnormal lung sounds (crackle/snoring/whistle), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge, body temperature >39.5°C and respiratory rate >40 breaths/min were higher in BRD calves compared to healthy calves (P<0.05). Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus intermedius and non-fermentative Gram-negative were the most prevalent bacteria isolated. Non-identified species from Enterobacteriaceae family was higher in BRD calves compared to healthy calves (P<0.05). Mollicutes were isolated in 7.4% of samples and only M. dispar was detected. Mollicutes was associated with purulent/mucopurulent nasal discharge (P=0.017). Pantoea agglomerans was associated to tachypnea (P=0.020), and Streptococcus spp. was associated with hyperthermia. Statistical tendencies were observed to M. dispar and tachypnea (P=0.066), and P. agglomerans and tachycardia (P=0.066). The obtained results describe the microorganisms found in tracheobronchial fluid of calves with BRD in some herds of Brazilian family farming and their relation to clinical signs of BRD.

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