scholarly journals Neural circuitry for behavioural arrest

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1718) ◽  
pp. 20160197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Roseberry ◽  
Anatol Kreitzer
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Animal Survival ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Goal Completion ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Shed Light

The ability to stop ongoing movement is fundamental to animal survival. Behavioural arrest involves the hierarchical integration of information throughout the forebrain, which ultimately leads to the coordinated inhibition and activation of specific brainstem motor centres. Recent advances have shed light on multiple regions and pathways involved in this critical behavioural process. Here, we synthesize these new findings together with previous work to build a more complete understanding of the circuit mechanisms underlying suppression of ongoing action. We focus on three specific conditions leading to behavioural arrest: goal completion, fear and startle. We outline the circuitry responsible for the production of these behaviours and discuss their dysfunction in neurological disease. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness’.

Colorimetric Metasurfaces Shed Light on Fibrous Biological Tissue

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaid Haddadin ◽  
Trinity Pike ◽  
Jebin J. Moses ◽  
Lisa V. Poulikakos
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Biological Tissue ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Fibrous Media ◽  
Shed Light

Fiber-affecting diseases - encompassing fibrosis, heart disease, neurological disease and cancer - are directly linked to the density and reorganization of fibrous media in biological tissue. Polarized light has unique...

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding HIV evolution

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie M. Andrews ◽  
Sarah Rowland-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Viral Diversity ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Hiv Evolution

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) evolves rapidly owing to the combined activity of error-prone reverse transcriptase, recombination, and short generation times, leading to extensive viral diversity both within and between hosts. This diversity is a major contributing factor in the failure of the immune system to eradicate the virus and has important implications for the development of suitable drugs and vaccines to combat infection. This review will discuss the recent technological advances that have shed light on HIV evolution and will summarise emerging concepts in this field.

Hybrid Computational Intelligence and the Basic Concepts and Recent Advances

2018 ◽  
pp. 180-190
Author(s):  
Georgios Dounias
Keyword(s):  
Computational Intelligence ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Hybrid Intelligent Systems ◽  
Complex Problems ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Computational Intelligent ◽  
Computational Technology

In this paper computational intelligence and its major methodologies are introduced in the first place, and then hybrid intelligent systems are defined and the most popular hybrid intelligent approaches are discussed. The increased popularity of hybrid intelligent systems during the last decade, is the result of the extensive success of these systems in a wide range of real-world complex problems, but also has to do with the increased capabilities of computational technology. One of the reasons for this success has to do with the synergy derived by the computational intelligent components, such as machine learning, fuzzy logic, neural networks, genetic algorithms, or other intelligent algorithms and techniques. Each of the partial methodologies provides hybrid systems with complementary reasoning and searching methods that allow the use of domain knowledge and empirical data to solve complex problems. The paper includes recent advances and new findings in the area of hybrid computational intelligence.

Sensory Control and Organization of Neural Networks Mediating Coordination of Multisegmental Organs for Locomotion

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 1127-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Büschges
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Sensory Control ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Local Feedback ◽  
Locomotor Patterns

It is well established that locomotor patterns result from the interaction between central pattern generating networks in the nervous system, local feedback from sensory neurons about movements and forces generated in the locomotor organs, and coordinating signals from neighboring segments or appendages. This review addresses the issue of how the movements of multi-segmented locomotor organs are coordinated and provides an overview of recent advances in understanding sensory control and the internal organization of central pattern generating networks that operate multi-segmented locomotor organs, such as a walking leg. Findings from the stick insect and the cat are compared and discussed in relation to new findings on the lamprey swimming network. These findings support the notion that common schemes of sensory feedback are used for generating walking and that central neural networks controlling multi-segmented locomotor organs generally encompass multiple central pattern generating networks that correspond with the segmental structure of the locomotor organ.

Natalignathus, gen. nov. and larvae of Atanygnathus: a missing phylogenetic link between subtribes Quediina and Tanygnathinina (Coleoptera:Staphylinidae:Staphylininae:Staphylinini)

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Solodovnikov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
South African ◽  
Unknown Function ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
New Genus ◽  
New South ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Rove Beetle ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Shed Light

Discovery of adults and a larva of Natalignathus, a new South African endemic genus, and examination of previously undescribed larvae of Atanygnathus Jakobson shed light on the phylogenetic relationships of the puzzling rove beetle subtribe Tanygnathinina (Staphylinidae : Staphylininae : Staphylinini). Based on plesiomorphic states for many characters of Natalignathus, gen. nov., inferred on the basis of comparison of the new genus with Atanygnathus, various Quediina and other Staphylinini, Natalignathus can be considered either a relatively plesiomorphy-rich member of Tanygnathinina, or a derived genus of Quediina, essentially linking these two subtribes together. Based on morphological and distributional data, it is preliminarily assumed that Atanygnathus evolved from some lineage of southern Quediina, which currently are very poorly known. Comparative study of the adults of Natalignathus and Atanygnathus allows correction of earlier misinterpretations of the structure of the aedeagus and head capsule ridges of Atanygnathus. Detailed morphological descriptions are provided for adults and a larva of Natalignathus and for the larvae of two species of Atanygnathus, A. bicolor (Casey) and A. sp. 1. Special appendages of unknown function are present on the mesothoracic spiracles of the examined larvae of Atanygnathus. No similar structures are known in any other group of Staphylinidae or Coleoptera. Based on the new findings, a review of the state of knowledge of the subtribes Quediina and Tanygnathinina and an updated diagnosis of the latter are provided.

scholarly journals Metals, non-metals and minerals: The complexity of bacterial selenate respiration

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Clive S. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Electron Acceptors ◽  
Elemental Selenium ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
New Family ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sequential Reduction ◽  
Shed Light

Metalloproteins and enzymes are an essential part of all respiratory electron-transfer chains and provide a pathway for electron transfer to terminal electron acceptors. Since bacteria can utilize a wide range of respiratory substrates, this variety of potential electron acceptors has facilitated the need for many different respiratory metalloproteins. Bacterial selenate respiration requires the sequential reduction of the selenium oxyanions selenate and selenite resulting in the precipitation of elemental selenium. The initial bioenergetic processes of selenate respiration are driven by metalloproteins utilizing cofactors containing iron and molybdenum. However, the assembly of the elemental selenium into selenium nanosphere crystals has shed light on a new family of proteins involved in selenium biomineralization. This article highlights some of the recent advances in our understanding of selenate respiration in the bacterium Thauera selenatis, with particular focus on the metalloproteins involved in selenate reduction and the novel proteins that function to deal with these insoluble selenium deposits. “As mineralogy constitutes a part of chemistry, it is clear that this arrangement of minerals must derive its principles from chemistry” Jöns Jacob Berzelius 1814

scholarly journals Opposing functions for retromer and Rab11 in extracellular vesicle traffic at presynaptic terminals

2021 ◽  
Vol 220 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rylie B. Walsh ◽  
Erica C. Dresselhaus ◽  
Agata N. Becalska ◽  
Matthew J. Zunitch ◽  
Cassandra R. Blanchette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Membrane Recycling ◽  
Presynaptic Terminals ◽  
Vesicle Traffic ◽  
Retromer Complex ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Competing Pathways

Neuronal extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in intercellular communication and pathogenic protein propagation in neurological disease. However, it remains unclear how cargoes are selectively packaged into neuronal EVs. Here, we show that loss of the endosomal retromer complex leads to accumulation of EV cargoes including amyloid precursor protein (APP), synaptotagmin-4 (Syt4), and neuroglian (Nrg) at Drosophila motor neuron presynaptic terminals, resulting in increased release of these cargoes in EVs. By systematically exploring known retromer-dependent trafficking mechanisms, we show that EV regulation is separable from several previously identified roles of neuronal retromer. Conversely, mutations in rab11 and rab4, regulators of endosome-plasma membrane recycling, cause reduced EV cargo levels, and rab11 suppresses cargo accumulation in retromer mutants. Thus, EV traffic reflects a balance between Rab4/Rab11 recycling and retromer-dependent removal from EV precursor compartments. Our data shed light on previous studies implicating Rab11 and retromer in competing pathways in Alzheimer’s disease, and suggest that misregulated EV traffic may be an underlying defect.

Nationalism, Citizenship, and Gender

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce P. Kaufman ◽  
Kristen P. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Feminist Literature ◽  
The Public ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Shed Light

Nationalism and the nation-state are both intimately connected to citizenship. Citizenship and nationalism are also linked to gender, as all three concepts play a key role in the process of state-building and state-maintenance as well as in the interaction between states, whether overtly or covertly. Yet women do not figure in the analysis of nationalism and citizenship in the mainstream literature, a gap that feminists have been trying to fill. By interrogating gender, along with the notions of masculinity and femininity, feminist international relations (IR) scholars shed light into the ways that gender is socially constructed. They also investigate the historical process of state formation and show where women are located in nationalist movements. Furthermore, by unpacking the sovereign state, feminist scholars have argued that while mainstream IR views the state as a rational, unitary actor, states are actually gendered entities. Two kinds of feminist literature in IR in regards to the state can be identified: women and the state (how women are excluded in terms of the public–private divide, and through citizenship), and gender and the state (gendered states). In general, feminist scholarship has led to a more complete understanding of the gender-citizenship-nationalism nexus. Nevertheless, some avenues for future research deserve consideration, such as the political and cultural exclusions of women and others in society, the inequalities that exist within states, whether there is such a thing as a “Comparative Politics of Gender,” and the concept of “global citizenship.”

Deuteronomy and Jeremiah

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Leuchter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Scribal Culture ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Scholars have recognized the close relationship between the books of Deuteronomy and Jeremiah since the outset of the twentieth century, though approaches to understanding that relationship have varied. Earlier generations tended to isolate the “Deuteronomistic” prose material and focus on the poetic passages as more authentic, but research increasingly recognized the significance of the prose discourses to the book’s function and form. More recent advances in the study of scribal culture and methodology demanded changes in the ways scholars evaluated this material, pointing to a far more complex relationship between Deuteronomy and Jeremiah than had previously been recognized. This chapter identifies new avenues of inquiry that shed light on this relationship and are suggestive of future trajectories of research.

scholarly journals MicroRNA in Acupuncture Studies: Does Small RNA Shed Light on the Biological Mechanism of Acupuncture?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jade Heejae Ko ◽  
Seung-Nam Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Biological Mechanism ◽  
Manual Acupuncture ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Shed Light

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the main regulators of diverse physiological processes. Recently, miRNAs have emerged as significant players related to the effect of acupuncture although the biological mechanisms connecting the function of these miRNAs with the effect of acupuncture are not well understood. In animal models of various diseases, such as neurological disease, cardiovascular disease, myopathy, and pain, a number of miRNAs were altered after administration of electroacupuncture or manual acupuncture. Nonetheless, there are a limited number of studies published so far. This paper reviewed and discussed whether miRNAs could elucidate potential biological mechanism of acupuncture in the future studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document