scholarly journals Patients with impaired verb-tense processing: do they know that yesterday is past?

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1634) ◽  
pp. 20120402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karalyn Patterson ◽  
Rachel Holland
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Syntactic Knowledge ◽  
Past Tense Form ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Dual Mechanism ◽  
Pattern Of Performance ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Verb Tense

This paper begins with a focus on the task of stem inflection, where participants are given a verb stem and asked to produce the verb's past-tense form, which can produce a neuropsychological double dissociation with respect to regular versus irregular verbs. Two differing theoretical interpretations are outlined: one is based on specifically morphological and separate brain mechanisms for processing regular versus irregular verbs; the other argues that the two sides of the dissociation can arise from one procedure, which is not specifically morphological, and which relies to differing extents on phonological versus semantic information for regular versus irregular verbs. We then present data from a different version of the task, in which patients were given past-tense forms and asked to produce the present-tense or stem forms (talked → talk and ate → eat). This change yielded a very different pattern of performance in four non-fluent aphasic patients as a function of the regular–irregular manipulation, an outcome which is argued to be more compatible with the single- than the dual-mechanism account. Finally, we present a small amount of data from a task in which the patient was asked to judge whether spoken regular and irregular verb stems and past-tense forms indicated actions occurring today or yesterday . This task produced an even more different and intriguing pattern of performance suggesting a deficit in morpho-syntactic knowledge: not how to produce past-tense forms but what such forms mean and how that understanding interacts with verb regularity. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the research field of acquired disorders of tense processing might advance as a result of new approaches, in particular those informed by studies of developmental disorders.

scholarly journals Backshift and tense decomposition

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Costa ◽  
António Branco
Keyword(s):  
General Analysis ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Past Tense Form ◽  
Speech Time ◽  
Event Times ◽  
Embedded Contexts ◽  
Verb Tense

Backshift is a phenomenon affecting verb tense that is visible as a mismatch between some specific embedded contexts and other environments. For instance, the indirect speech equivalent of a sentence like 'Kim likes reading', with a present tense verb, may show the same verb in a past tense form, as in 'Sandy said Kim liked reading'. We present a general analysis of backshift, pooling data from English and Romance languages. Our analysis acknowledges that tense morphology is ambiguous between different temporal meanings, explicitly models the role of the speech time and the event times involved and takes the aspectual constraints of tenses into consideration.

scholarly journals acquisition of tense-aspect morphology and the regular-irregular debate

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 195-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Shirai
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
Early Use ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Dual Mechanism ◽  
L1 Acquisition

This paper reviews research on English past-tense acquisition to test the validity of the single mechanism model and the dual mechanism model, focusing on regular-irregular dissociation and semantic bias. Based on the review, it is suggested that in L1 acquisition, both regular and irregular verbs are governed by semantics; that is, early use of past tense forms are restricted to achievement verbs—regular or irregular. In contrast, some L2 acquisition studies show stronger semantic bias for regular past tense forms (e.g., Housen, 2002, Rohde, 1996). It is argued that L1 acquisition of the past-tense morphology can be accounted for more adequately by the single-mechanism model.  

scholarly journals English Past Tense Morphology in Adult Arab EFL learners: Mental Representation Mechanism and Types of Errors

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1038-1046
Author(s):  
Muneera Muftah
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Dual Mechanism

English past tense morphology is one of the most difficult but yet one of the most important areas in the acquisition of English language by L2 Learners. The objectives of this study were to: (a) determine the acquisition sequence of English regular and irregular past tense forms in adult Arab EFL learners; (b) identify whether English past tense forms are represented by a single mechanism or a dual mechanism, and (c) investigate types of errors that L2 learners produce in their acquisition of English past tense morphology. In total, 77 adult Arab EFL learners participated in an oral production task. The use of the verbal inflectional morphemes in obligatory contexts in each learners production is examined. The results show that L2 learners acquire the past tense morphology of the regular verbs before they acquire the past tense morphology of the irregular verbs and that there is frequency effect for the irregular verbs, but not for the regular verbs. This indicates that the dual system theory accounts for the mental representations of English past tense forms for the L2 learners in this study. The most frequent error types produced by the Learners are omission, overregularization and overgeneration of be forms.

The Past Tense Debate Revisited: Electrophysiological Evidence for Subregularities of Irregular Verb Inflection

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1870-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Regel ◽  
Andreas Opitz ◽  
Gereon Müller ◽  
Angela D. Friederici
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Syntactic Rule ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Tense Form ◽  
Electrophysiological Evidence ◽  
Verb Inflection ◽  
Experimental Block ◽  
Irregular Verbs

Neuropsychological research investigating mental grammar and lexicon has largely been based on the processing of regular and irregular inflection. Past tense inflection of regular verbs is assumed to be generated by a syntactic rule (e.g., show-ed), whereas irregular verbs consist of rather unsystematic alternations (e.g., caught) represented as lexical entries. Recent morphological accounts, however, hold that irregular inflection is not entirely rule-free but relies on morphological principles. These subregularities are computed by the syntactic system. We tested this latter hypothesis by examining alternations of irregular German verbs as well as pseudowords using ERPs. Participants read series of irregular verb inflection including present tense, past participle, and past tense forms embedded in minimal syntactic contexts. The critical past tense form was correct (e.g., er sang [he sang]) or incorrect by being either partially consistent (e.g., *er sung [*he sung]) or inconsistent (e.g., *er sing [*he sing]) with the proposed morphological principles. Correspondingly, in a second experimental block, pseudowords (e.g., tang/*tung/*ting) were presented. ERPs for real words revealed a biphasic ERP pattern consisting of a negativity and P600 for both incorrect forms in comparison to the correct equivalents. Most interestingly, the P600 amplitude for the incorrect forms was gradually modulated by the type of anomaly with medium amplitude for consistent past tense forms and largest amplitude for inconsistent past tense forms. ERPs for pseudoword past tense forms showed a similar gradual modulation of N400. The findings support the assumption that irregular verbs are processed by rule-based mechanisms because of subregularities of their past tense inflection.

English Past Tense Use in Bilingual Children With Language Impairment

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy F. Jacobson ◽  
Richard G. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Language Differences ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Verb Categories

Grammatical measures that distinguish language differences from language disorders in bilingual children are scarce. This study examined English past tense morphology in sequential bilingual Spanish/English-speaking children, age 7;0–9;0 (years;months). Twelve bilingual children with language impairment (LI) or history of LI and 15 typically developing (TD) bilingual children participated. Thirty-six instances of the past tense including regular, irregular, and novel verbs were examined using an elicited production task. By examining English past tense morphology in sequential bilinguals, we uncovered similarities and differences in the error patterns of TD children and children with LI. The groups differed in the overall accuracy of past tense use according to verb type, as well as the characteristic error patterns. Children with LI performed lower than their TD peers on all verb categories, with an interaction between verb type and group. TD children were better at producing regular verbs and exhibited more productive errors (e.g., overregularization). Conversely, children with LI performed relatively better on irregular verbs and poorest on novel verbs, and they exhibited more nonproductive errors (e.g., bare stem verbs). The results have important clinical implications for the assessment of morphological productivity in Spanish-speaking children who are learning English sequentially.

Production of the English past tense by children with language comprehension impairments

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATE NATION ◽  
MARGARET J. SNOWLING ◽  
PAULA CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Phonological Skills ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Comprehenders ◽  
Irregular Form ◽  
Irregular Verbs

Three experiments investigated the ability of eight-year old children with poor language comprehension to produce past tense forms of verbs. Twenty children selected as poor comprehenders were compared to 20 age-matched control children. Although the poor comprehenders performed less well than controls on a range of tasks considered to tap verbal-semantic abilities, the two groups showed equivalent phonological skills. Poor comprehenders performed as well as control children when asked to inflect novel verbs and regular verbs. In contrast, poor comprehenders were less skilled than controls at inflecting both high frequency and low frequency irregular verbs. Although the predominant error pattern for all children was to over-regularize, this was most marked in the poor comprehenders; control children were more likely to produce errors that contained knowledge of the irregular form than poor comprehenders. In addition, the ability to inflect irregular verbs was related to individual differences in verbal-semantic skills. These findings are discussed within a framework in which verb inflection is related to underlying language skills in both the phonological and semantic domains.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ERROR IN WRITING SIMPLE SENTENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Budi Nugraha Hidayat ◽  
Maryani Maryani
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Simple Sentences

Language is needed whether it is written or spoken. Language is very necessary for people as a mean of communication. The objective of this research was to analyze the students’ ability in writing simple sentences in past tense. This research used qualitaive research and the data were analyzed to investigate the second year of students’ ability in writing English simple sentences. The participant of this research was consisted of 32 students. Data analysis shows that 27.81% the students have difficulties in structure English simple sentence in past tense. Furthermore 38.12% the students have difficulties using regular verbs in past tense, whereas 71.8% the students have difficulties using irregural verbs in past tense. Over all, the students’ ability in writing English simple sentence in past tense can be considered in medium level. This is due to their confusion in using verb (regular verbs and irregular verbs).

scholarly journals Unfolding Algorithms

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Bilel Benbouzid
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Moral Vision ◽  
Predictive Policing ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Predictive Algorithms ◽  
Cautious Interpretation ◽  
The University ◽  
Two Sides

Predictive policing is a research field whose principal aim is to develop machines for predicting crimes, drawing on machine learning algorithms and the growing availability of a diversity of data. This paper deals with the case of the algorithm of PredPol, the best-known startup in predictive policing. The mathematicians behind it took their inspiration from an algorithm created by a French seismologist, a professor in earth sciences at the University of Savoie. As the source code of the PredPol platform is kept inaccessible as a trade secret, the author contacted the seismologist directly in order to try to understand the predictions of the company’s algorithm. Using the same method of calculation on the same data, the seismologist arrived at a different, more cautious interpretation of the algorithm's capacity to predict crime. How were these predictive analyses formed on the two sides of the Atlantic? How do predictive algorithms come to exist differently in these different contexts? How and why is it that predictive machines can foretell a crime that is yet to be committed in a California laboratory, and yet no longer work in another laboratory in Chambéry?  In answering these questions, I found that machine learning researchers have a moral vision of their own activity that can be understood by analyzing the values and material consequences involved in the evaluation tests that are used to create the predictions.

scholarly journals APLIKASI KAMUS IRREGULAR VERBS BERBASIS ANDROID

Infotekmesin ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Dang Anom ◽  
Danuri Danuri ◽  
Jaroji Jaroji
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Modelling Language ◽  
Java Programming ◽  
Unified Modelling Language ◽  
System Use ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Sqlite Database ◽  
Mobile Base ◽  
Learning English

Irregular is verbs on English do not add with ed or d but change agree with rule. To listen andcomprehend only memorize from verb base make past tense and past participle. Because this resultmany people so think difficult in learning English specially of irregular verbs. Aim of this research is to make application dictionary irregular verbs base android to make support in listen English specially irregular verbs. Scheme of system use Unified Modelling Language, java programming and sqlite database. This research produce a application dictionary irregular verbs to use device mobile base android

A New Perspective on the Syriac Hwayt Qāṭēl in a Non-Past Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-431
Author(s):  
Lidia Napiórkowska
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Tense Form ◽  
Cognitive Framework ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
And Function ◽  
Meaning And Function

Abstract This article presents a new perspective on the meaning and function of the Syriac construction hwayt qāṭēl used with a non-past reference. Beginning with the traditional method of cross-linguistic comparison, the author contextualizes the construction in question within a pragmatic- cognitive framework of general linguistics, an approach that has so far been largely overlooked in Syriac studies. The language used here for comparison is the literary Christian of Urmi, a modern dialect of Aramaic, whose verbal system presents itself as a valid typological parallel for Syriac. Thus, through analysing the renditions of hwayt qāṭēl in Christian Urmi Neo-Aramaic within the corpus of the New Testament, the semantics and function of the Syriac hwayt qāṭēl receive precise characteristics, followed by an attempt to explain the use of the past tense form hwayt (perfect) for the present-future reference. An additional brief treatment of other command-related forms in Syriac, such as the imperative and imperative-derived constructions, contributes further, more detailed observations on the Syriac verbal system.

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