scholarly journals Genomic imprinting and the social brain

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1476) ◽  
pp. 2229-2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R Isles ◽  
William Davies ◽  
Lawrence S Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Monoallelic Expression ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Epigenetic Mark ◽  
Parental Allele ◽  
Intragenomic Conflict ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social

Genomic imprinting refers to the parent-of-origin-specific epigenetic marking of a number of genes. This epigenetic mark leads to a bias in expression between maternally and paternally inherited imprinted genes, that in some cases results in monoallelic expression from one parental allele. Genomic imprinting is often thought to have evolved as a consequence of the intragenomic conflict between the parental alleles that occurs whenever there is an asymmetry of relatedness. The two main examples of asymmetry of relatedness are when there is partiality of parental investment in offspring (as is the case for placental mammals, where there is also the possibility of extended postnatal care by one parent), and in social groups where there is a sex-biased dispersal. From this evolutionary starting point, it is predicted that, at the behavioural level, imprinted genes will influence what can broadly be termed bonding and social behaviour. We examine the animal and human literature for examples of imprinted genes mediating these behaviours, and divide them into two general classes. Firstly, mother–offspring interactions (suckling, attachment and maternal behaviours) that are predicted to occur when partiality in parental investment in early postnatal offspring occurs; and secondly, adult social interactions, when there is an asymmetry of relatedness in social groups. Finally, we return to the evolutionary theory and examine whether there is a pattern of behavioural functions mediated by imprinted genes emerging from the limited data, and also whether any tangible predictions can be made with regards to the direction of action of genes of maternal or paternal origin.

scholarly journals Characterization of imprinted genes in rice reveals post-fertilization regulation and conservation at some loci of imprinting in plant species

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Chen ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Shan Zhu ◽  
Zehou Liu ◽  
Zhenyuan Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Monoallelic Expression ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Parental Allele ◽  
Intraspecific Variations ◽  
High Level

AbstractGenomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon by which certain genes display monoallelic expression in a parent-of-origin-dependent manner. Hundreds of imprinted genes have been identified from several plant species. Here we identified, with a high level of confidence, 208 imprinted candidates from rice. Imprinted genes of rice showed limited association to the transposable elements, which is contrast to the findings inArabidopsis. Generally, imprinting of rice is conserved within species, but intraspecific variations were confirmed here. Imprinting between cultivated rice and wild rice are likely similar. The imprinted genes of rice do not show significant selective signatures overall, which suggests that domestication imposes limited evolutionary effects on genomic imprinting of rice. Though the conservation of imprinting in plants is limited, here we prove that some loci tend to be imprinted in different species. In addition, our results suggest that differential epigenetic regulation between parental alleles can be established either prior to or post-fertilization. The imprinted 24-nt small RNAs, but not the 21-nt ones, likely involve the regulation of imprinting in an opposite parental-allele targeting manner. Together, our findings suggest that regulation of imprinting can be very diverse, and genomic imprinting as well as imprinted genes have essential evolutionary and biological significance.

scholarly journals Genetic conflict, genomic imprinting and establishment of the epigenotype in relation to growth

Reproduction ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Moore
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Cpg Islands ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Growth Disorders ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Mammalian Embryo ◽  
Genetic Conflict

Genomic imprinting is the process that differentially modifies the parental alleles at certain genetic loci in the parental germlines. Such modifications of DNA and chromatin are somatically heritable and cause unequal expression of the parental alleles during subsequent development. In mammals, imprinted genes encode a relatively small number of functionally heterogeneous proteins. Nevertheless, imprinted genes exert important effects, primarily on fetal development, and their deregulation is implicated in a variety of pathologies including sporadic, inherited and induced growth disorders. Imprinted loci show several unusual structural and functional characteristics that may be related to mechanistic aspects of mono-allelic expression or to modes of evolution of imprinted genetic loci. Typically, imprinted genes are clustered in certain genomic regions and have relatively reduced intronic DNA content relative to non-imprinted genes. In addition, their regulatory regions frequently contain a combination of features including tandem repeats associated with differentially methylated CpG islands and overlapping transcription of coding or non-coding RNAs. The evolution of imprinting can be understood as the stable outcome of sexual selection acting differently on the parental alleles of genes that influence parental investment in offspring. Consistent with this explanation, imprinted genes are expressed predominantly during embryonic and postnatal development in mammals and in the developing endosperm of plants, and maternal or paternal expression at imprinted loci is associated with reduced or increased parental investment, respectively. Such selective forces have implications for understanding mechanistic aspects of genome reprogramming in the early mammalian embryo.

scholarly journals O pierwiastku tragicznym w roli społecznej uczonego

Etyka ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 137-153
Author(s):  
Jan Jerschina
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Simple Consideration ◽  
Moral Competences ◽  
Organization Of Science

This is an attempt to outline the range of problems that should be taken into account when studying the ethos of scholars. The author sets forth from an uncommon starting point. He does not construct “an ideal model of the ethos of the scholar”, neither is he concerned with the “pathology of academic life”. Such approaches are dubbed “normative-functional” by the author, and without implicating that they are methodologically implausible he refrains from using them due to the simple consideration that they are unable to accommodate the “tragic component of the role” involved. He sets out to show that the scholars cannot avoid finding themselves in a conflict of values and norms that cannot be ordered using criteria commonly accepted in the academic circles or derived from the concept of the role or the ethos of the scholar. Scholars are exposed to a conflict between the norms accepted by the academic community and the norms accepted by other communities to which they belong. The article discusses the influence of contemporary changes in the organization of science – its dependence on the state, its subservience to the national goals or to the exigencies of other social groups (political, religious, etc.). The author is not satisfied with the treatment of these problems by R. K. Merton, and he reviews various philosophical conceptions with the hope of finding a better answer. He seeks to conceptualize the role of the scholar in terms of the theories proposed by L. Petrażycki, A. Kępiński, I. Kant, M. Weber, K. Mannheim, P. Bourdieu, and others, but has to conclude that in none of these theories is it possible to remove the tragic element from the picture of ethically relevant decision-making. The author ends by saying that the possession of “social and moral competences” that overstep the boundaries of the scholar’s responsibility defined by his role and ethos is a necessary condition of the social fulfilment of that role.

scholarly journals Relasionalitas Filsafat Fondasi Interpretasi: Aku, Teks, Liyan, Fenomen

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
Sermada Kelen Donatus
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

The author of the book “Relasionalitas Filsafat Fondasi Interpretasi: Aku, Teks, Liyan, Fenomen”, Armada Riyanto, CM, has the great effort to philosophize his main thought about “Relasionalitas” (Relationality) which can be stated under the title called “The Philosophy of the Relationality”. The method and the scheme the author has managed to philosophize his ideas have come out from his deepest inner heart spontaneously, intuitively and genuinely, and by numerating the ideas the author would like to express, he has elaborated the meaning of those ideas focusing on the main issues like “aku, teks, liyan, fenomen” that become the foundation for a journey of interpreting the relationality. The reader of the book is allowed to become a disciple in the journey of seeking the meaning of the text in which the author offers the starting point of the journey with the dialog between “Aku dan Teks”. The word “fenomen” is understood as the reality of the daily life formed by the process of relationality that is taking place in dialog between “Aku” as the subject and “liyan” as the subject, but in the light of author’s idea, the word “liyan” refers to the social groups who are marginalized, impoverished, powerless and voiceless people.

270 IN VITRO MATURATION ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC PUTATIVELY IMPRINTED GENES IN BOVINE MII OOCYTES

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
M. G. Katz-Jaffe ◽  
B. R. McCallie ◽  
K. Preis ◽  
G. E. Seidel ◽  
D. K. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Housekeeping Gene ◽  
Control Individual ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Parental Allele ◽  
Regulation Of Growth

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic form of gene regulation resulting in only one parental allele being expressed. Imprinted genes have diverse functions including the regulation of growth and development in mammals. Errors in genomic imprinting have been associated with human disease (e.g. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome) and large offspring syndrome of in vitro-produced ruminant fetuses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in vitro maturation (IVM) on the expression of specific putatively imprinted genes in the bovine oocyte. Cumulus-enclosed immature oocytes were collected from cattle after 6 injections of 50 mg FSH with transvaginal aspiration (TVA) performed 48 h post-final FSH injection. The oocytes were cultured in groups of 10 for 23 h in a defined maturation medium (G-Mat) with 5 mg of HSA and 100 ng mL-1 of epidermal growth factor (EGF; group A) or with 20% serum and 100 ng mL-1 of EGF (group B) at 38.5�C in 6% CO2 in air. In vivo-matured oocytes (group C) were also collected via TVA after the administration of 6 FSH injections (50 mg), prostaglandin (PG) with last FSH injection, and GnRH 37 h post-PG. Total RNA was extracted from individual MII oocytes in all 3 groups, and expression profiles of putatively imprinted genes (Igf2r, Peg3, and Snrpn) were assayed by real-time PCR (Roche Applied Biosciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA), relative to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Statistical analysis of expression profiles was performed using REST software. Expression of the Igf2r and Peg3 putatively imprinted genes was significantly up-regulated in individual in vitro-matured MII oocytes (groups A and B, n = 5 replicates per group) when compared with control, individual in vivo-matured MII oocytes (group C, n = 5 replicates; P < 0.05). Gene expression did not differ between in vitro- and in vivo-matured MII oocytes for the putatively imprinted gene, Snrpn. In conclusion, following in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes, the putatively imprinted genes Igf2r and Peg3 were aberrantly expressed in individual oocytes relative to in vivo controls. Both of these putatively imprinted genes have been implicated in the regulation of growth and apoptotic pathways during mammalian development. Analysis of such putatively imprinted genes will facilitate the development of more suitable oocyte maturation conditions. This research was supported by the Serono Research Institute.

Erasing genomic imprinting memory in mouse clone embryos produced from day 11.5 primordial germ cells

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (8) ◽  
pp. 1807-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyoung Lee ◽  
Kimiko Inoue ◽  
Ryuichi Ono ◽  
Narumi Ogonuki ◽  
Takashi Kohda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Monoallelic Expression ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Imprinted Gene ◽  
Methylation Patterns

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that causes functional differences between paternal and maternal genomes, and plays an essential role in mammalian development. Stage-specific changes in the DNA methylation patterns of imprinted genes suggest that their imprints are erased some time during the primordial germ cell (PGC) stage, before their gametic patterns are re-established during gametogenesis according to the sex of individuals. To define the exact timing and pattern of the erasure process, we have analyzed parental-origin-specific expression of imprinted genes and DNA methylation patterns of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in embryos, each derived from a single day 11.5 to day 13.5 PGC by nuclear transfer. Cloned embryos produced from day 12.5 to day 13.5 PGCs showed growth retardation and early embryonic lethality around day 9.5. Imprinted genes lost their parental-origin-specific expression patterns completely and became biallelic or silenced. We confirmed that clones derived from both male and female PGCs gave the same result, demonstrating the existence of a common default state of genomic imprinting to male and female germlines. When we produced clone embryos from day 11.5 PGCs, their development was significantly improved, allowing them to survive until at least the day 11.5 embryonic stage. Interestingly, several intermediate states of genomic imprinting between somatic cell states and the default states were seen in these embryos. Loss of the monoallelic expression of imprinted genes proceeded in a step-wise manner coordinated specifically for each imprinted gene. DNA demethylation of the DMRs of the imprinted genes in exact accordance with the loss of their imprinted monoallelic expression was also observed. Analysis of DNA methylation in day 10.5 to day 12.5 PGCs demonstrated that PGC clones represented the DNA methylation status of donor PGCs well. These findings provide strong evidence that the erasure process of genomic imprinting memory proceeds in the day 10.5 to day 11.5 PGCs, with the timing precisely controlled for each imprinted gene. The nuclear transfer technique enabled us to analyze the imprinting status of each PGC and clearly demonstrated a close relationship between expression and DNA methylation patterns and the ability of imprinted genes to support development.

scholarly journals Genomic imprinting and disorders of the social brain; shades of grey rather than black and white

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Davies ◽  
Anthony R. Isles
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Behaviours

AbstractCrespi & Badcock (C&B) provide a novel hypothesis outlining a role for imprinted genes in mediating brain functions underlying social behaviours. The basic premise is that maternally expressed genes are predicted to promote hypermentalistic behaviours, and paternally expressed genes hypomentalistic behaviours. The authors provide a detailed overview of data supporting their ideas, but as we discuss, caution should be applied in interpreting these data.

scholarly journals Genomic imprinting and cancer: Remembering the parental origin

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Adele Murrell ◽  
Santiago Uribe-Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Parental Allele ◽  
Paternal Line ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Parental Copy

Genomic imprinting results in only one copy of a diploid pair of alleles being expressed in a parentof-origin-specific manner. The ‘imprint’ encodes a memory of whether a gene came through the maternal or paternal line and contains the information that decides which parental copy will be active or silent. Imprints are established in the developing gametes, passed on to the next generation after fertilization where they are read and maintained in the somatic cells or erased and reset in the germ cells. The components of the ‘memory’ are a combination of epigenetic features such as DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications and protein/RNA factors that can bind to DNA and label the genes such that a cell's transcription machinery can distinguish between maternal and paternal alleles. Most imprinted genes are associated with sequences that are methylated on only one parental allele, known as differentially methylated regions (DMRs).

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Overview of Genomic Imprinting in Breast & Its Deregulation in Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tine Goovaerts ◽  
Sandra Steyaert ◽  
Chari A Vandenbussche ◽  
Jeroen Galle ◽  
Olivier Thas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Dna Demethylation ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Monoallelic Expression ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Loss Of Imprinting ◽  
A Genome

ABSTRACTGenomic imprinting, the parent-of-origin specific monoallelic expression of genes, plays an important role in growth and development. Loss of imprinting of individual genes has been found in varying cancers, yet data-analytical challenges have impeded systematic studies so far. We developed a mixture distribution model to detect monoallelically expressed loci in a genome-wide manner without the need for genotyping data, and applied the methodology on TCGA breast tissue RNA-seq data. We identified 35 putatively imprinted genes in healthy breast. In breast cancer however, HM13 was featured by significant loss of imprinting and expression upregulation, which could be linked to DNA demethylation. Other imprinted genes (25 out of 35) demonstrated consistent expression downregulation in breast cancer, which often correlated with loss of imprinting. A breast imprinted gene network, deregulated in cancer, might hence be present. In summary, our novel methodology highlights the massive deregulation of imprinting in breast cancer.

Space, Modernity, and Emptiness: Some American Examples

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
John Corrigan
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Church History ◽  
Georg Simmel ◽  
Niklas Luhmann ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social

One of the ways in which Christian groups responded to the challenges of modernity was by positioning themselves differently in space. In the interest of better understanding that process, let us think for a moment about the social system, the social space to be precise, within which groups exist. As one starting point for that, it is useful to acknowledge that social groups define themselves in relation to others. Specifically, groups define themselves by saying what they are not as much as by saying what they are. If we are to believe the German social systems theorist Niklas Luhmann, a leading advocate of the notion of social system, difference is prior to identity. That is to say—and this is the core of Luhmann's “difference” theory—one distinguishes a table from other objects before one indicates what it is (Luhmann adds, paradoxically, that distinction presupposes itself). His grand theory has shortcomings, but his point is that social groups create and maintain collective identity by defining themselves in relation to other groups, and especially by saying what they are not. They push off from other groups in defining themselves. We could extend that approach by stating that groups sometimes behave as if they lack a clear collective self-understanding; that is, they lack a fully formed core identity that they can marshall in a positive fashion against a field of other groups. They accordingly define themselves in relation to other groups, define themselves via negativa, by differentiating—in some cases to a great degree—from other groups. Identity is built through such negative definition. The twentieth-century American theorist of social conflict Lewis Coser described that mode of thinking in The Functions of Social Conflict, an extended mediation on the social conflict theories of Georg Simmel, and sociologist of religion Martin Reisebrodt has observed more recently how Christianity invents itself principally by distinguishing itself from other religious practices and beliefs. The process is evident among Christian groups in modernity as it was in early modern Europe. When we focus on how it has manifested spatially, we see the modern in American church history as a broad spectrum of occurrences demonstrating complexity, multivalence, competition, and differentiation.

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