scholarly journals Insects and low temperatures: from molecular biology to distributions and abundance

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1423) ◽  
pp. 849-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Bale
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Thermal Thresholds ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
As Species ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Rapid Cold Hardening ◽  
Establishment Potential ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Tropics

Insects are the most diverse fauna on earth, with different species occupying a range of terrestrial and aquatic habitats from the tropics to the poles. Species inhabiting extreme low–temperature environments must either tolerate or avoid freezing to survive. While much is now known about the synthesis, biochemistry and function of the main groups of cryoprotectants involved in the seasonal processes of acclimatization and winter cold hardiness (ice–nucleating agents, polyols and antifreeze proteins), studies on the structural biology of these compounds have been more limited. The recent discovery of rapid cold–hardening, ice–interface desiccation and the daily resetting of critical thermal thresholds affecting mortality and mobility have emphasized the role of temperature as the most important abiotic factor, acting through physiological processes to determine ecological outcomes. These relationships are seen in key areas such as species responses to climate warming, forecasting systems for pest outbreaks and the establishment potential of alien species in new environments.

scholarly journals Thermal acclimation leads to variable muscle responses in two temperate labrid fishes

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (24) ◽  
pp. jeb235226
Author(s):  
Clinton J. Moran ◽  
Kamryn E. Jebb ◽  
Leksi Travitz ◽  
David J. Coughlin ◽  
Shannon P. Gerry
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Power ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Fish Distribution ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Heavy Chains ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
As Species ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

ABSTRACTTemperature can be a key abiotic factor in fish distribution, as it affects most physiological processes. Specifically, temperature can affect locomotor capabilities, especially as species are exposed to temperatures nearing their thermal limits. In this study, we aimed to understand the effects of temperature on muscle in two labrids that occupy the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. When exposed to cold temperatures in autumn, cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) and tautog (Tautoga onitis) go into a state of winter dormancy. Transitions into dormancy vary slightly, where tautog will make short migrations to overwintering habitats while cunner overwinter in year-round habitats. To understand how muscle function changes with temperature, we held fish for 4 weeks at either 5 or 20°C and then ran muscle kinetic and workloop experiments at 5, 10 and 20°C. Following experiments, we used immunohistochemistry staining to identify acclimation effects on myosin isoform expression. Muscle taken from warm-acclimated cunner performed the best, whereas there were relatively few differences among the other three groups. Cunner acclimated at both temperatures downregulated the myosin heavy chain, suggesting a transition in fiber type from slow-oxidative to fast-glycolytic. This change did not amount to a detectable difference in muscle power production and kinetics. However, overall poor performance at cold temperatures could force these fishes into torpor to overwinter. Tautog, alternatively, retained myosin heavy chains, which likely increases locomotor capabilities when making short migrations to overwintering habitats.

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Invertebrates

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1068-1081
Author(s):  
Xi Liu ◽  
Dongwu Liu ◽  
Yangyang Shen ◽  
Mujie Huang ◽  
Lili Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Catalytic Domains ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Complex Functions ◽  
And Function

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to a family of metal-dependent endopeptidases which contain a series of conserved pro-peptide domains and catalytic domains. MMPs have been widely found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. MMPs are involved in regulating numerous physiological processes, pathological processes, and immune responses. In addition, MMPs play a key role in disease occurrence, including tumors, cardiovascular diseases, and other diseases. Compared with invertebrate MMPs, vertebrate MMPs have diverse subtypes and complex functions. Therefore, it is difficult to study the function of MMPs in vertebrates. However, it is relatively easy to study invertebrate MMPs because there are fewer subtypes of MMPs in invertebrates. In the present review, the structure and function of MMPs in invertebrates were summarized, which will provide a theoretical basis for investigating the regulatory mechanism of MMPs in invertebrates.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and analysis of class III peroxidases in Betula pendula

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kewei Cai ◽  
Huixin Liu ◽  
Song Chen ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Xiyang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Plant Life Cycle ◽  
Class Iii Peroxidases ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background Class III peroxidases (POD) proteins are widely present in the plant kingdom that are involved in a broad range of physiological processes including stress responses and lignin polymerization throughout the plant life cycle. At present, POD genes have been studied in Arabidopsis, rice, poplar, maize and Chinese pear, but there are no reports on the identification and function of POD gene family in Betula pendula. Results We identified 90 nonredundant POD genes in Betula pendula. (designated BpPODs). According to phylogenetic relationships, these POD genes were classified into 12 groups. The BpPODs are distributed in different numbers on the 14 chromosomes, and some BpPODs were located sequentially in tandem on chromosomes. In addition, we analyzed the conserved domains of BpPOD proteins and found that they contain highly conserved motifs. We also investigated their expression patterns in different tissues, the results showed that some BpPODs might play an important role in xylem, leaf, root and flower. Furthermore, under low temperature conditions, some BpPODs showed different expression patterns at different times. Conclusions The research on the structure and function of the POD genes in Betula pendula plays a very important role in understanding the growth and development process and the molecular mechanism of stress resistance. These results lay the theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of Betula pendula.

Irrigation and crop improvement in temperate and tropical environments

1986 ◽  
Vol 316 (1537) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Multiple Cropping ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Seasonal Signals ◽  
The Tropics

There is a strong interaction between irrigation and crop improvement, irrigation creating new opportunities and challenges for plant breeders while depending on their progress for its full benefits to be realized. In temperate environments the primary emphasis is on raising yield potential, especially as irrigation enhances the use of agrichemical inputs. Efficiency of water and energy use through the modification of physiological processes and of sensitivity to stress at various stages of the life cycle is also sought. In tropical environments, breeding for greater yield potential and more comprehensive pest and disease resistance are still important. However, shortening the length of the life cycle, reducing its sensitivity to seasonal signals and increasing yield per day may be more important than raising yield per crop because of the scope for multiple cropping made possible by irrigation in the tropics in the absence of contraints by low temperatures.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective Function of 14-3-3 Proteins in Neurodegeneration

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadayuki Shimada ◽  
Alyson E. Fournier ◽  
Kanato Yamagata
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Adaptor Proteins ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Binding Partners ◽  
Neuroprotective Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Regulation Of Enzyme Activity

14-3-3 proteins are abundantly expressed adaptor proteins that interact with a vast number of binding partners to regulate their cellular localization and function. They regulate substrate function in a number of ways including protection from dephosphorylation, regulation of enzyme activity, formation of ternary complexes and sequestration. The diversity of 14-3-3 interacting partners thus enables 14-3-3 proteins to impact a wide variety of cellular and physiological processes. 14-3-3 proteins are broadly expressed in the brain, and clinical and experimental studies have implicated 14-3-3 proteins in neurodegenerative disease. A recurring theme is that 14-3-3 proteins play important roles in pathogenesis through regulating the subcellular localization of target proteins. Here, we review the evidence that 14-3-3 proteins regulate aspects of neurodegenerative disease with a focus on their protective roles against neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals Identification and functional characterization of the Piezo1 channel pore domain

2020 ◽  
pp. jbc.RA120.015905
Author(s):  
Elena D Nosyreva ◽  
David Thompson ◽  
Ruhma Syeda
Keyword(s):  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Heat Sensation ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Functional Understanding ◽  
And Function ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Pore Domain ◽  
First Time

Mechanotransduction is the process by which cells convert physical forces into electro-chemical responses. On a molecular scale these forces are detected by mechanically activated ion channels, which constitute the basis for hearing, touch, pain, cold and heat sensation amongst other physiological processes. Exciting high-resolution structural details of these channels are currently emerging that will eventually allow us to delineate the molecular determinants of gating and ion permeation. However, our structural-functional understanding across the family remains limited. Piezo1 is one of the largest and least understood of these channels, with various structurally identified features within its trimeric assembly. This study seeks to determine the modularity and function of Piezo1 channels by constructing deletion proteins guided by cryo EM structural knowledge. Our comprehensive functional study identified, for the first time, the minimal amino acid sequence of the full-length Piezo1 that can fold and function as the channel’s pore domain between E2172 and the last residue E2547. While, the addition of an anchor region has no effect on permeation properties. The Piezo1 pore domain is not pressure sensitive and the appending of Piezo Repeat-A did not restore pressure-dependent gating, hence the sensing module must exist between residues 1-1952. Our efforts delineating the permeation and gating regions within this complex ion channel have implications in identifying small molecules that exclusively regulate the activity of the channel’s pore module to influence mechanotransduction and downstream processes.

scholarly journals Intrinsically disordered proteins identified in the aggregate proteome serve as biomarkers of neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Ayyadevara ◽  
Akshatha Ganne ◽  
Meenakshisundaram Balasubramaniam ◽  
Robert J. Shmookler Reis
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Disordered Proteins ◽  
Intrinsically Disordered ◽  
Intrinsically Disordered Regions ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Protein Partners ◽  
And Function ◽  
Computational Analyses ◽  
Disordered Regions

AbstractA protein’s structure is determined by its amino acid sequence and post-translational modifications, and provides the basis for its physiological functions. Across all organisms, roughly a third of the proteome comprises proteins that contain highly unstructured or intrinsically disordered regions. Proteins comprising or containing extensive unstructured regions are referred to as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). IDPs are believed to participate in complex physiological processes through refolding of IDP regions, dependent on their binding to a diverse array of potential protein partners. They thus play critical roles in the assembly and function of protein complexes. Recent advances in experimental and computational analyses predicted multiple interacting partners for the disordered regions of proteins, implying critical roles in signal transduction and regulation of biological processes. Numerous disordered proteins are sequestered into aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) where they are enriched even in serum, making them good candidates for serum biomarkers to enable early detection of AD.

Localization and function ofRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplusvitellin-degrading cysteine endopeptidase

Parasitology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 137 (12) ◽  
pp. 1819-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADRIANA SEIXAS ◽  
ANDRÉIA B. ESTRELA ◽  
JULIANA C. CEOLATO ◽  
EMERSON G. PONTES ◽  
FLÁVIO LARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Cysteine Endopeptidase ◽  
Endopeptidase Activity ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Different Tissues ◽  
Important Parasite

SUMMARYThe tickRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplusis an important parasite of cattle in many areas of the tropics. Characterization of molecules involved in mechanisms such as vitellogenesis and embryo development may contribute to a better understanding of this parasite's physiology. The vitellin-degrading cysteine endopeptidase (VTDCE) is the most active enzyme involved in vitellin hydrolysis inR. micropluseggs. Here we show an association between VTDCE and vitellin in an additional site, apart from the active site. Our data also demonstrate cysteine endopeptidase activity in different tissues such as ovary, gut, fat body, salivary gland and female haemolymph, where it is controlled by a physiological inhibitor. InR. microplusfemale gut, VTDCE is localized in areas of protein synthesis and trafficking with the underlying haemolymph. VTDCE is also localized in the ovary basal region, in vesicle membranes of ovary pedicel cells and in oocyte cytosol. These results suggest that VTDCE plays a role in vitellin digestion during tick development.

scholarly journals Role of co-regulators in metabolic and transcriptional actions of thyroid hormone

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. R73-R97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna Astapova
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Receptor ◽  
Retinoic Acid Receptor ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Function

Thyroid hormone (TH) controls a wide range of physiological processes through TH receptor (TR) isoforms. Classically, TRs are proposed to function as tri-iodothyronine (T3)-dependent transcription factors: on positively regulated target genes, unliganded TRs mediate transcriptional repression through recruitment of co-repressor complexes, while T3binding leads to dismissal of co-repressors and recruitment of co-activators to activate transcription. Co-repressors and co-activators were proposed to play opposite roles in the regulation of negative T3target genes and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis, but exact mechanisms of the negative regulation by TH have remained elusive. Important insights into the roles of co-repressors and co-activators in different physiological processes have been obtained using animal models with disrupted co-regulator function. At the same time, recent studies interrogating genome-wide TR binding have generated compelling new data regarding effects of T3, local chromatin structure, and specific response element configuration on TR recruitment and function leading to the proposal of new models of transcriptional regulation by TRs. This review discusses data obtained in various mouse models with manipulated function of nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR or NCOR1) and silencing mediator of retinoic acid receptor and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT or NCOR2), and family of steroid receptor co-activators (SRCs also known as NCOAs) in the context of TH action, as well as insights into the function of co-regulators that may emerge from the genome-wide TR recruitment analysis.

scholarly journals The Modern Western Diet Rich in Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs): An Overview of Its Impact on Obesity and Early Progression of Renal Pathology

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Bettiga ◽  
Francesco Fiorio ◽  
Federico Di Marco ◽  
Francesco Trevisani ◽  
Annalisa Romani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Advanced Glycation End Products ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Advanced Glycation ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
End Products ◽  
And Function

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are an assorted group of molecules formed through covalent bonds between a reduced sugar and a free amino group of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Glycation alters their structure and function, leading to impaired cell function. They can be originated by physiological processes, when not counterbalanced by detoxification mechanisms, or derive from exogenous sources such as food, cigarette smoke, and air pollution. Their accumulation increases inflammation and oxidative stress through the activation of various mechanisms mainly triggered by binding to their receptors (RAGE). So far, the pathogenic role of AGEs has been evidenced in inflammatory and chronic diseases such as chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetic nephropathy. This review focuses on the AGE-induced kidney damage, by describing the molecular players involved and investigating its link to the excess of body weight and visceral fat, hallmarks of obesity. Research regarding interventions to reduce AGE accumulation has been of great interest and a nutraceutical approach that would help fighting chronic diseases could be a very useful tool for patients’ everyday lives.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document