scholarly journals Functional neuroimaging in psychiatry

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1387) ◽  
pp. 1359-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia H. Y. Fu ◽  
Philip K. McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Functional neuroimaging is one of the most powerful means available for investigating the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. In this review, we shall focus on the different ways that it can be employed to this end, describing the major findings in the field in the context of different methodological approaches. We will also discuss practical issues that are particular to studying psychiatric disorders and the potential contribution of functional neuroimaging to future psychiatric research.

CS02-01 - Imaging the serotonergic system

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1771-1771
Author(s):  
R. Lanzenberger ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Important Objective ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Biological markers are an important objective in psychiatric research. Molecular and functional neuroimaging techniques are promising tools to provide these biomarkers that may be used for early detection, indication of presence and severity of psychiatric disorders, prediction of treatment response and clinical prognosis. In this lecture, recent results from molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) will be presented, including cerebral quantification of several major players in serotonergic neurotransmission, i.e. the serotonin transporter, the serotonin 1A, 2A, and 1B receptor subtypes, and the degrading enzyme MAOA. Differences between psychiatric disorders will be discussed. Furthermore, pharmacological effects on these targets and brain activation will be shown using PET and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of SPECT Functional Neuroimaging in Schizophrenia and Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Kalyoncu ◽  
Ali Saffet Gonul
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Future Implication

Over the last three decades, the brain's functional and structural imaging has become more prevalent in psychiatric research and clinical application. A substantial amount of psychiatric research is based on neuroimaging studies that aim to illuminate neural mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is one of those developing brain imaging techniques among various neuroimaging technologies. Compared to PET, SPECT imaging is easy, less expensive, and practical for radioligand use. Current technologies increased the spatial accuracy of SPECT findings by combining the functional SPECT images with CT images. The radioligands bind to receptors such as 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A, and dopamine transporters can help us comprehend neural mechanisms of psychiatric disorders based on neurochemicals. This mini-review focuses on the SPECT-based neuroimaging approach to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD). Research-based SPECT findings of psychiatric disorders indicate that there are notable changes in biochemical components in certain disorders. Even though many studies support that SPECT can be used in psychiatric clinical practice, we still only use subjective diagnostic criteria such as the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Glimpsing into the brain's biochemical world via SPECT in psychiatric disorders provides more information about the pathophysiology and future implication of neuroimaging techniques.

scholarly journals Psychiatric disorders in China: strengths and challenges of contemporary research and clinical services

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Xiao Chang ◽  
Qiyong Gong ◽  
Chunbo Li ◽  
Weihua Yue ◽  
Xin Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Clinical Services ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Neuroscience Research

Abstract China accounts for 17% of the global disease burden attributable to mental, neurological and substance use disorders. As a country undergoing profound societal change, China faces growing challenges to reduce the disease burden caused by psychiatric disorders. In this review, we aim to present an overview of progress in neuroscience research and clinical services for psychiatric disorders in China during the past three decades, analysing contributing factors and potential challenges to the field development. We first review studies in the epidemiological, genetic and neuroimaging fields as examples to illustrate a growing contribution of studies from China to the neuroscience research. Next, we introduce large-scale, open-access imaging genetic cohorts and recently initiated brain banks in China as platforms to study healthy brain functions and brain disorders. Then, we show progress in clinical services, including an integration of hospital and community-based healthcare systems and early intervention schemes. We finally discuss opportunities and existing challenges: achievements in research and clinical services are indispensable to the growing funding investment and continued engagement in international collaborations. The unique aspect of traditional Chinese medicine may provide insights to develop a novel treatment for psychiatric disorders. Yet obstacles still remain to promote research quality and to provide ubiquitous clinical services to vulnerable populations. Taken together, we expect to see a sustained advancement in psychiatric research and healthcare system in China. These achievements will contribute to the global efforts to realize good physical, mental and social well-being for all individuals.

Whither Psychiatric Diagnosis

1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen J. Frances ◽  
Helen Link Egger
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Current State ◽  
System Method ◽  
Dsm Iv

Objective: The aim of this paper is to describe the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), its purposes and limitations, and the psychiatric nosologies which may emerge from advances in psychiatric research and which may supersede the current classification system. Method: A review of the methodology used to develop DSM-IV, considered in the context of current and future psychiatric, neurobiological, and genetic research, was undertaken. Results: The DSM-IV is a descriptive nosology that has shaped psychiatric research and clinical practice by providing agreed-upon definitions of psychiatric disorders based on the current state of empirical data. Despite the critical importance of the DSM system of classification, this complex yet limited nosology will eventually be replaced by simpler, more incisive explanatory models of psychiatric illness that reflect the interplay of biological, psychological, environmental and social variables affecting the expression and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: As we continue to understand the pathophysiology of brain disorders, as well as the biological effects of psychiatric interventions, we will be able to move from a descriptive model to an integrative, explanatory model of psychiatric illness.

Epidemiology of Mental Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Arndt ◽  
Carolyn Turvey
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Psychiatric Epidemiology ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Measures Of Association ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study ◽  
National Comorbidity Study

This review describes the contribution of psychiatric epidemiology to our understanding of the distribution and determinants of psychiatric disorders. First, it describes basic concepts within epidemiology, such as prevalence, incidence, case definition, bias, and confounding, and their specific meaning within psychiatric research. The two basic study designs in epidemiology, cohort and case-control, are then reviewed. This discussion includes a tutorial on how to calculate key measures of association: risk ratio and odds ratio. Major community-based studies in psychiatric epidemiology are then reviewed, focusing on the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, the National Comorbidity Study and the National Comorbidity Study Replication, the National Survey of American Life, the National Latino and Asian American Study of Mental Health, and the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The review concludes with a discussion of pharmacoepidemiology and how it is critical to our understanding of the full impact of psychiatric medications postmarketing. In the future, epidemiology will be revolutionized with “big data” collection in both institutional and community settings. Nonetheless, the basic concepts presented in this review will continue to be relevant and critical to drawing sound, evidence-based conclusions about the true nature, correlates, and causes of psychiatric disorders.   This review contains 6 tables, and 63 references. Key words: case-control study, cohort study, community-based studies, measures of association, pharmacoepidemiology, psychiatric epidemiology

scholarly journals S9. NEUROIMAGING AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY BIOMARKERS OF SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S33-S33
Author(s):  
Luigi Attademo ◽  
Francesco Bernardini ◽  
Norma Verdolini
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Schizotypal Personality Disorder ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation

Abstract Background Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is a cluster A personality disorder affecting 1.0% of general population, characterised by disturbances in cognition and reality testing dimensions, affect regulation, and interpersonal function. SPD shares similar but attenuated phenomenological, genetic, and neurobiological abnormalities with schizophrenia (SCZ) and is described as part of the continuum of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Neuroimaging and neurophysiology are the main non-invasive techniques for the investigation of brain structure and function, so they play a crucial role in psychiatric research and for their applications into clinical practice. The present review aims to systematically identify the major neuroimaging and neurophysiology biomarkers of SPD. Methods The present review has been conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO - International prospective register of systematic reviews. The systematic review was performed to summarise the most comprehensive and updated evidence on functional neuroimaging and neurophysiology findings obtained through different techniques (DW-MRI, DTI, PET, SPECT, fMRI, MRS, EEG) in subjects with SPD. Results The search initially yielded 218 records. After study selection and reference screening, the final set comprised 52 studies. Of the 52 studies included in this review, 9 were on DW-MRI and DTI, 11 were on PET and SPECT, 11 were on fMRI and MRS, and 21 were on EEG. Although it was complex to synthesise all the functional abnormalities found in the included studies into a single, unified, pathogenetic pathway, a common theme that emerged was the dysfunction of brain circuits including striatal, frontal, temporal, limbic regions, and their networks. This dysfunction may be the result of a dysregulation along the dopaminergic pathways and lead to deficits or defects in processes that organise a person’s cognitive-perceptual evaluation of the environment and the relatedness to him/herself. As for the limitations, a quantitative data synthesis was not planned for this work, therefore no meta-analytical integrations are presented in this review. The results of individual neuroimaging studies, in fact, are not comparable due to small and heterogeneous samples, analytical flexibility, or differences in imaging modalities and behavioral tasks. Discussion Brain abnormalities in SPD are similar, but less marked, than those found in SCZ, and they do not mirror each other. In fact, different patterns of functional abnormalities in SPD and SCZ have been found in this systematic review, suggesting the ‘presence’ of possible compensatory factors, protecting subjects with SPD from frank psychosis and providing diagnostic specificity. Specifically, SPD differentiates from SCZ by showing: (a) milder frontal-striatal-temporal white matter dysconnectivity in DTI studies, (b) lesser frontal and striatal dysfunction and a decreased striatal dopaminergic activity in PET and SPECT studies, respectively, (c) different patterns of dysfunctional activation of frontal-striatal-thalamic circuitry during attentional processing in fMRI studies, and (d) milder alterations in EEG sensory gating and no evidence of alterations in EEG auditory or visual processing.

Functional Neuroimaging: A Transformative Tool for Integrative Psychiatry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abass Alavi ◽  
Andrew B. Newberg
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Spect Imaging ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Integrative Psychiatry ◽  
Integrative Therapies

Functional neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be highly useful in the evaluation and management of patients with psychiatric disorders. PET and SPECT imaging typically evaluate cerebral metabolism and blood flow, respectively, and can determine patterns associated with different disorders such as depression or schizophrenia. PET and SPECT imaging can also evaluate neurotransmitter changes such as dopamine or serotonin associated with different psychiatric disorders. fMRI is an excellent tool for studying the effects of psychiatric disorders on specific brain processes related to cognition and mood. fMRI activations studies allow researchers to present various stimuli to a subject in order to determine how the brain reacts and whether psychiatric disorders are associated with different brain reactivity patterns. Functional neuroimaging with PET, SPECT, and fMRI can be highly useful in the investigation of the mechanism of action of integrative therapies for psychiatric disorders.

Levels of analysis in psychiatric research

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHY L. KOPNISKY ◽  
W. MAXWELL COWAN ◽  
STEVEN E. HYMAN
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Different Levels

Most of the major psychiatric disorders have been analyzed at each of several different levels. For example, at the broadest level, epidemiological studies have served to establish the incidence of disorders like schizophrenia and major depression in a number of different populations. Family and twin studies have been important in determining the heritability of certain mental illnesses, and chromosomal and linkage analyses have identified a number of discrete loci that appear to be implicated in disease susceptibility or, even directly, in the pathogenesis of some disorders. In a few cases, specific genes have been found to be mutated or polymorphic and proteins they encode are currently being analyzed. This article reviews how these different levels contribute to our understanding of a number of psychiatric disorders, including drug addiction, which has been the focus of much of our own work.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Psychiatric Disorders in Spouse of Patients with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Mahesh Tilwani
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Alcohol Dependence Syndrome

Background and Aim: Alcohol Dependence Syndrome has deleterious consequences not only on the patient with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome but also on the members of his family. The psychopathology in wives of patients with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome is a largely neglected area in psychiatric research. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency and nature of psychiatric disorders in wives of patients with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome. Materials and Methods: A total of 177 wives, 100 wives of patients with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome and 77 wives of patients with Bipolar Affective Disorder- current episode mania were evaluated. Tools used were ICD-10 AM symptom checklist and modules for assessment of psychiatric morbidity and diagnosis was made based on The International Classification of Diseases – (Diagnostic Research Criteria DCR-10). Results: Psychiatric disorders are diagnosed in 75% of the wives of patients with alcohol dependence syndrome out of which 45% have dysthymia, 12% have mild depressive episode, 8% have adjustment disorder- prolonged depressive reaction, 5% have moderate depressive episode and 5% have anxiety disorder unspecified. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the wives of patients with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome have significant psychiatric morbidity when compared to wives of patients with Bipolar Affective Disorder-current episode mania. The most common psychiatric disorder is dysthymia.

scholarly journals Functional MRI to Assess Decision-Making Capacity of Older Adults With Dementia: A Proof of Concept Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 509-509
Author(s):  
Thomas Tannou
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Concept Study ◽  
Decision Making Capacity

Abstract Assessment of decision-making capacity is essential to respect older adult dignity, particularly concerning major decision such as ageing in place. To date, it is the clinician's assessment, based on a global analysis of his clinical evaluation and neuropsychological tasks, which enables decision-making assessment. Given the difficulty it represents, and the ethical and societal issues raised, the research question concerns the contribution of neuro-imaging technologies as an aid to the evaluation of decision-making capacity. We included in our proof-of-concept study 4 healthy older patients and 2 older patients with dementia (mild stage) followed in a memory clinic. Each of the participants completed neuropsychological tests with a focus on executive functions, anosognosia and judgemental skills. Next, they performed a decision-making task, the Balloon Assessment Risk Task (BART) in functional MRI, and, finally, they participated in a semi-structured interview completed with interview of their caregiver. For both patients, their referring geriatrician was questioned a priori on his assessment of their decision-making capacity. The results showed a common activation pattern in functional MRI between the patient considered competent in decision-making and the healthy subjects, unlike the patient who was not clinically competent. The qualitative analysis highlighted major anosognosia in both pathological situations, but decision-making in everyday life situations differed between the 2 patients. This study shows the feasibility, on a sensitive topic, to explore the potential contribution of functional neuroimaging and semi-directed interviews as tools. It also demonstrates the value of conducting mixed research, combining neurosciences and social science to explore complex clinical issues.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document