Spinal nerve distributions in the upper Limb: The organization of the dermatome and afferent myotome

1981 ◽  
Vol 293 (1070) ◽  
pp. 509-554 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Injuries ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Axial Muscles ◽  
Spinal Roots ◽  
Single Fibres ◽  
Dorsal Spinal ◽  
Afferent Innervation

Single fibres were dissected from the dorsal spinal roots of the nerves serving the brachial plexus in African green monkeys. The dermatomal organization of these spinal nerves was deduced from data concerning the receptive fields of 2834 single afferent fibres. These data were collected in an attempt to reconcile some of the discrepancies that exist in published descriptions of the dermatomes in primates; our results and the literature reviewed suggest that the cutaneous region served by one spinal nerve is actually much wider and much more variable in location than is generally recognized. This makes any summary diagram a misleading indicator of the true complexity of the spinal innervation of the upper limb. In spite of this variability among individuals, within any specific individual there is a regular and orderly progression of innervation which allows prediction of the region served by a particular spinal nerve when information concerning the site of innervation of adjacent nerves is available. The territory of each myotome tended to be larger than the dermatome of the same spinal nerve. Most muscles of the limb received afferent innervation from three to four different spinal nerves. Further, the territory of the myotome did not of necessity coincide with the dermatome of the same spinal nerve. Even those nerves innervating the hand still innervated axial muscles. These observations have important implications for the diagnosis of spinal nerve injuries.

scholarly journals IX. Experiments in examination of the peripheral distribution of the fibres of the posterior roots of some spinal nerves

1893 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 641-763 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sacral Plexus ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Spinal Roots

As a step preliminary to some observations on the reflex functions of the spinal cord of the Monkey, I have attempted to make a rather detailed examination of the distribution of the efferent and afferent roots of each spinal nerve, especially in the lower half of the body of that animal. I have recently published some experimental notes on the arrangement of some motor fibres in the lumbo-sacral plexus, and the present paper deals chiefly with the distribution of the afferent fibres of the roots. Previous Observations. In the researches which have had for their subject the peripheral distribution of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves, the plexuses of the Mammalian fore limb have been more studied than have those pertaining to the hind limb. With the exception of the five experiments extant by L. Türck (1856), there seem no experiments on the cutaneous fields of the afferent spinal roots of the Mammalian bind limb previous to my own. This fact may lend interest to observations, especially on so high a type as the Monkey, and I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to the Royal Society for pecuniary aid, placing that somewhat expensive laboratory animal within my reach.

Rating Spinal Nerve Extremity Impairment Using the Sixth Edition

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Root ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Upper Extremities ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Nerve Injuries ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Federal Employee ◽  
Nerve Root Injury ◽  
Root Injury ◽  
Rating Process

Abstract The AMAGuides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition, does not provide a separate mechanism for rating spinal nerve injuries as extremity impairment; radiculopathy was reflected in the spinal rating process in Chapter 17, The Spine and Pelvis. Certain jurisdictions, such as the Federal Employee Compensation Act (FECA), rate nerve root injury as impairment involving the extremities rather than as part of the spine. This article presents an approach to rate spinal nerve impairments consistent with the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, methodology. This approach should be used only when a jurisdiction requires ratings for extremities and precludes rating for the spine. A table in this article compares sensory and motor deficits according to the AMA Guides, Sixth and Fifth Editions; evaluators should be aware of changes between editions in methodology used to assign the final impairment. The authors present two tables regarding spinal nerve impairment: one for the upper extremities and one for the lower extremities. Both tables were developed using the methodology defined in the sixth edition. Using these tables and the process defined in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, evaluators can rate spinal nerve impairments for jurisdictions that do not permit rating for the spine and require rating for radiculopathy as an extremity impairment.

Macroanatomical Structure of the Lumbosacral Plexus and its Branches in the Indigenous Duck

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Hussan ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
J Alam
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lumbar Plexus ◽  
Lumbosacral Plexus ◽  
Sacral Plexus ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

The present study was carried out to determine the morphological structure and the branches of the lumbosacral plexus in the indigenous duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Six mature indigenous ducks were used in this study. After administering an anesthetic to the birds, the body cavities were opened. The nerves of the lumbosacral plexus were dissected separately and photographed. The lumbosacral plexus consisted of lumbar and sacral plexus innervated to the hind limb. The lumbar plexus was formed by the union of three roots of spinal nerves that included last two and first sacral spinal nerve. Among three roots, second (middle) root was the highest in diameter and the last root was least in diameter. We noticed five branches of the lumbar plexus which included obturator, cutaneous femoral, saphenus, cranial coxal, and the femoral nerve. The six roots of spinal nerves, which contributed to form three trunks, formed the sacral plexus of duck. The three trunks united medial to the acetabular foramen and formed a compact, cylindrical bundle, the ischiatic nerve. The principal branches of the sacral plexus were the tibial and fibular nerves that together made up the ischiatic nerve. Other branches were the caudal coxal nerve, the caudal femoral cutaneous nerve and the muscular branches. This study was the first work on the lumbosacral plexus of duck and its results may serve as a basis for further investigation on this subject.

Upper limb neurodynamic testing with radial and ulnar nerve biases: An analysis of cervical spinal nerve mechanics

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 102320
Author(s):  
Chelsea M. Lohman Bonfiglio ◽  
Kerry K. Gilbert ◽  
Jean-Michel Brismée ◽  
Stéphane Sobczak ◽  
Krista M. Hixson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulnar Nerve ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Cervical Spinal Nerve

Nerve injuries of the upper extremity

2010 ◽  
pp. 873-882
Author(s):  
George Samandouras
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Nerve Injuries

Chapter 17.2 covers nerve injuries of the upper extremity, including brachial plexopathies and upper limb mononeuropathies.

Anatomy and Ultrasound-Guided Injection of the Medial Branch of the Dorsal Ramus of the Cervical Spinal Nerves in the Horse: A Cadaveric Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (06) ◽  
pp. 377-386
Author(s):  
Giorgio Corraretti ◽  
Jean-Michel Vandeweerd ◽  
Fanny Hontoir ◽  
Katrien Vanderperren ◽  
Katrien Palmers
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Medial Branch ◽  
Intervertebral Foramen ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Articular Process ◽  
Cervical Spinal Nerve

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to describe the anatomy of the nerves supplying the cervical articular process joint and to identify relevant anatomical landmarks that could aid in the ultrasound-guided location and injection of these nerves for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Study Design Twelve cadaveric equine necks were used. Five necks were dissected to study the anatomy of the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of the cervical spinal nerves 3 to 7. Relevant anatomical findings detected during dissections were combined with ultrasonographic images obtained in one other neck. Six additional necks were used to assess the accuracy of ultrasound-guided injections of the medial branch with blue dye. Results Each examined cervical articular process joint, except for C2 to C3, presented a dual nerve supply. The articular process joints were found to be in close anatomical relationship with the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of the cervical spinal nerve exiting from the intervertebral foramen at the same level, and with the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of the cervical spinal nerve exiting from the intervertebral foramen one level cranial to the articular process joint of interest. A total of 55 nerves were injected under ultrasonographic guidance, 51 of which were successfully stained. Conclusion The current study provided new detailed information regarding the innervation of the cervical articular process joint. The medial branches of the dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves were injected with an accuracy that would be of clinical value. Our study offers the foundations to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for pain management in cervical articular process joint arthropathy in horses.

scholarly journals Locating the Site of Neuropathic Pain In Vivo Using MMP-12-Targeted Magnetic Nanoparticles

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syeda Fabeha Husain ◽  
Raymond W. M. Lam ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Michael W. F. Ng ◽  
Z. Q. G. Liau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Thermal Hyperalgesia ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticle ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Potential Biomarker

Neuropathic pain remains underrecognised and ineffectively treated in chronic pain sufferers. Consequently, their quality of life is considerably reduced, and substantial healthcare costs are incurred. The anatomical location of pain must be identified for definitive diagnosis, but current neuropsychological tools cannot do so. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are thought to maintain peripheral neuroinflammation, and MMP-12 is elevated particularly in such pathological conditions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the peripheral nervous system has made headway, owing to its high-contrast resolution and multiplanar features. We sought to improve MRI specificity of neural lesions, by constructing an MMP-12-targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP). Its in vivo efficiency was evaluated in a rodent model of neuropathic pain, where the left lumbar 5 (L5) spinal nerve was tightly ligated. Spinal nerve ligation (SNL) successfully induced mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia, in the left hind paw throughout the study duration. These neuropathy characteristics were absent in animals that underwent sham surgery. MMP-12 upregulation with concomitant macrophage infiltration, demyelination, and elastin fibre loss was observed at the site of ligation. This was not observed in spinal nerves contralateral and ipsilateral to the ligated spinal nerve or uninjured left L5 spinal nerves. The synthesised MMP-12-targeted magnetic IONP was stable and nontoxic in vitro. It was administered onto the left L5 spinal nerve by intrathecal injection, and decreased magnetic resonance (MR) signal was observed at the site of ligation. Histology analysis confirmed the presence of iron in ligated spinal nerves, whereas iron was not detected in uninjured left L5 spinal nerves. Therefore, MMP-12 is a potential biomarker of neuropathic pain. Its detection in vivo, using IONP-enhanced MRI, may be further developed as a tool for neuropathic pain diagnosis and management.

Muscle denervation patterns in upper limb nerve injuries: MR imaging findings and anatomic basis.

1998 ◽  
Vol 171 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sallomi ◽  
D L Janzen ◽  
P L Munk ◽  
D G Connell ◽  
P F Tirman
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Muscle Denervation ◽  
Nerve Injuries ◽  
Anatomic Basis

scholarly journals Herophilus, Erasistratus, Aretaeus, and Galen: ancient roots of the Bell–Magendie Law

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew I. Tomey ◽  
Ricardo J. Komotar ◽  
J Mocco
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Spinal Roots ◽  
Dorsal Spinal

✓Since the early 19th century, significant controversy has persisted over the competing claims of two men, Charles Bell and François Magendie, to a pivotal discovery: that the dorsal spinal roots subserve sensation, whereas the ventral spinal roots subserve motion. However, the foundations of neuroanatomy on which Bell and Magendie built their research was formed two millennia in advance. Exploration of the work of four ancient scholars—Herophilus, Erasistratus, Aretaeus, and Galen–reveals a remarkable early appreciation of the separate neural pathways (if not the correct physiology) responsible for sensory and motor control.

Upper Limb Nerve Injuries in Sport

2018 ◽  
pp. 297-303
Author(s):  
Jennette Sze-yan Chan ◽  
Josephine Wing-yuk Ip
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Nerve Injuries
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