scholarly journals Large vapour cloud explosions, with particular reference to that at Buncefield

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1960) ◽  
pp. 544-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bradley ◽  
G. A. Chamberlain ◽  
D. D. Drysdale
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Turbulent Flames ◽  
Major Incident ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Uk

This paper first briefly surveys the energy releases in some major accidents. It then examines the analyses of the explosion at the Buncefield fuel storage site in the UK, one of the most intense accidental explosions in recent times. This followed the release of approximately 300 tonnes of winter-grade gasoline, when a 15 m high storage tank was overfilled for about 40 min before ignition of the resulting flammable mixture. The ensuing explosion was of a severity that had not been identified previously in a major hazard assessment of this type of facility. It was therefore imperative to investigate the event thoroughly and develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms to inform future prevention, mitigation and land-use planning issues. The investigation of the incident was overseen by the Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board. A separate Explosion Mechanism Advisory Group examined the evidence and reported on the severity of the explosion. It concluded that additional work was necessary and recommended that a two-stage project be initiated, phase 1 of which has been completed. The analyses of the damage and the derivation of explosion over-pressures are described. Possible explosion mechanisms and the evidence for them at Buncefield are discussed, in the light of other major incidents. Mechanisms that are reviewed include high-speed turbulent combustion, quasi-detonations, fully developed detonations, the generation of fireballs, flame instabilites, radiative heat transfer and aspects of two-phase burning. Of particular importance is the acceleration of turbulent flames along the line of trees and hedgerows. A number of conclusions are drawn and suggestions made for further research.

scholarly journals Whole system approaches to health in higher education

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-258
Author(s):  
Mark Dooris ◽  
Alan Farrier ◽  
Susan Powell ◽  
Maxine Holt
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Strategic Influence ◽  
The Uk

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on an evaluation of the UK Healthy Universities Network (UKHUN), which explored engagement of network members; identified what members value about the network; examined facilitators and barriers to engagement; and informed the network’s future development. Design/methodology/approach The study was a two phase mixed-method study, with participants being staff from Higher Education institutions. Phase 1 involved a documentary review and an online 14-question survey (n=32). Phase 2 comprised follow-up semi-structured interviews and focus groups, conducted using Skype (n=11). These were audio recorded and transcripts were thematically analysed in a two-stage process. Findings A number of key themes emerged from the thematic analysis: value of network meetings and events; popularity of the network website; increased communication and collaboration; sense of leadership offered by the network; interest and inclusion of an international perspective; importance of institutional support. Research limitations/implications Only six universities who are involved in the network took part in Phase 2. Although a range of organisations were chosen purposively, it is possible that additional key issues at other universities were excluded. Originality/value The UKHUN is valued by its membership, particularly its biannual meetings, online presence, leadership, ethos and communication methods. Key barriers include the capacity of staff to attend meetings and contribute to the network, influenced by a lack of institutional commitment and prioritisation. Findings from the evaluation have informed a “refresh” of the network’s website and a revision of its membership structure, as well as guiding its positioning to achieve greater strategic influence.

scholarly journals Reconstructing Parents’ Meetings in Primary Schools: The Teacher as Expert, the Parent as Advocate and the Pupil as Self-Advocate

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-103
Author(s):  
Gillian Inglis
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Doctoral Study ◽  
Self Advocacy ◽  
Professional Authority ◽  
Secondary Sector ◽  
The Uk

The efficacy of parents’ meetings in primary schools in the UK is an area in need of research. This article uses an approach informed by grounded theory to explore the experiences and satisfaction of parents, teachers and pupils regarding bi-annual meetings to discuss pupil progress. A two-phase approach was utilised, with diary-interviews with parents and teachers and group pupil interviews in Phase 1, followed by a parents’ questionnaire in Phase 2 derived from Phase 1 data. The findings from a doctoral study provide an overall more positive depiction of these meetings compared to existing research in the secondary sector. A model of the teacher as the expert and information-giver persists, but a consumerist ideology appears evident as parents seek to participate and advocate on behalf of their child. As parents become more proactive and teachers act to retain their professional authority, the interaction of the professional and advocate has excluded the perspective of the child. Thisleaves pupils in search of self-advocacy at meetings in which they are the object of discussion, but cannot be present. While pupils generally favour involvement, adults express a protectionist perspective on pupil exclusion with exceptional factors indicated as being the age of the child and the content of the meeting. 

scholarly journals Formal and informal science advice in emergencies: COVID-19 in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. M. Whitty ◽  
Luke B. Collet-Fenson
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Scientific Advice ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Independent Expert ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
The Uk

The importance of scientific advice to government gains greater recognition in emergencies but inevitably has to be done in an environment of uncertainty, with limited data and at high speed. Adapting existing structures is more effective than creating new ones in an emergency. Between emergencies, the UK has a structured scientific advice system, including Chief Scientific Advisers, scientists in government, regulatory bodies and independent expert committees, which were adapted to COVID-19 under the umbrella of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies. These worked alongside networks of informal scientific advice, including internationally. Multiple sciences were needed, including from the social sciences and engineering in addition to clinical science and epidemiology, and these had to be integrated. A centrally directed clinical research programme helped provide practitioners robust evidence, with observational and interventional trials providing data for policy and testing treatments and vaccines. The scale of the emergency meant unavoidable tension between detailed work and speed, and between an integrated scientific view usable in decision-making and constructive challenge. While a final judgement of the UK scientific response will take time, everyone should be grateful to the thousands of scientists involved for the research, synthesis and advice, which improved outcomes for the public.

scholarly journals The hidden assumptions in public engagement: A case study of engaging on ethics in government data analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-190
Author(s):  
Emily S Rempel ◽  
Julie Barnett ◽  
Hannah Durrant
Keyword(s):  
Public Engagement ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Public Dialogue ◽  
Science Ethics ◽  
Stakeholder Interests ◽  
Government Data ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Uk

This study examines the hidden assumptions around running public-engagement exercises in government. We study an example of public engagement on the ethics of combining and analysing data in national government – often called data science ethics. We study hidden assumptions, drawing on hidden curriculum theories in education research, as it allows us to identify conscious and unconscious underlying processes related to conducting public engagement that may impact results. Through participation in the 2016 Public Dialogue for Data Science Ethics in the UK, four key themes were identified that exposed underlying publicengagement norms. First, that organizers had constructed a strong imagined public as neither overly critical nor supportive, which they used to find and engage participants. Second, that official aims of the engagement, such as including publics in developing ethical data regulations, were overshadowed by underlying meta-objectives, such as counteracting public fears. Third, that advisory group members, organizers and publics understood the term 'engagement' in varying ways, from creating interest to public inclusion. And finally, that stakeholder interests, particularly government hopes for a positive report, influenced what was written in the final report. Reflection on these underlying mechanisms, such as the development of meta-objectives that seek to benefit government and technical stakeholders rather than publics, suggests that the practice of public engagement can, in fact, shut down opportunities for meaningful public dialogue.

Two-Phase Short Circuit in the Power Grid Powered by a Transformer with a Y/Δ-11 Winding Connection

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Aleksandr S. Serebryakov ◽  
Vladimir L. Osokin ◽  
Sergey A. Kapustkin
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Relay Protection ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Short Circuit Currents ◽  
Secondary Winding

The article describes main provisions and relations for calculating short-circuit currents and phase currents in a three-phase traction transformer with a star-triangle-11 connection of windings, which feeds two single-phase loads in AC traction networks with a nominal voltage of 25 kilovolts. These transformers provide power to the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex located along the railway line. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in substantiating theoretical equations for digital intelligent relay protection in two-phase short circuits. (Materials and methods) It was found that since the sum of instantaneous currents in each phase is zero, each phase of the transformer works independently. We found that this significantly simplifies the task of analyzing processes with a two-phase short circuit. In this case, the problem of calculating short-circuit currents in the traction network can be simplified by reducing it to the calculation of an ordinary electric circuit with three unknown currents. (Results and discussion) The article describes equations for calculating short-circuit resistances for one phase of the transformer when connecting the secondary winding as a star or a triangle. The currents in the phases of the transformer winding at short circuit for the star-triangle-11 and star-star-with-ground schemes are compared. It was found that when calculating short-circuit currents, there is no need to convert the secondary winding of the traction transformer from a triangle to a star. (Conclusions) It was found that the results of the research can be used in the transition of relay protection systems from electromagnetic relays to modern high-speed digital devices, which will increase the operational reliability of power supply systems for traction and non-traction power consumers.

scholarly journals EPEN-24. SIOP EPENDYMOMA II: CENTRAL EPENDYMOMA MANAGEMENT ADVISORY GROUP – THE UK EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii312-iii312
Author(s):  
Donald C Macarthur ◽  
Conor Mallucci ◽  
Ian Kamaly-Asl ◽  
John Goodden ◽  
Lisa C D Storer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Target Volume ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Str Analysis ◽  
Oncological Treatment ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Pathological Review ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Paediatric Ependymoma is the second most common malignant brain tumour of childhood with approximately 50% of cases recurring. It has been described as a “surgical” disease since patients who have undergone a gross total surgical resection (GTR) have a better prognosis than those who have a subtotal resection (STR). Analysis of the UKCCSG/SIOP 1992 04 clinical trial has shown that only 49% of cases had a GTR, with 5-year survival rates for STR of 22–47% and GTR of 67–80%. As part of the SIOP II Ependymoma trial the UK established a panel of experts in the treatment of Ependymoma from Neuro-oncology, Neuro-radiology and Neuro-surgery. Meeting weekly, cases are discussed to provide a consensus on radiological review, ensuring central pathological review, trial stratification and whether further surgery should be advocated on any particular case. Evaluation of the first 68 UK patients has shown a GTR in 47/68 (69%) of patients and STR in 21/68 (31%) of patients. Following discussion at EMAG it was felt that 9/21 (43%) STR patients could be offered early second look surgery. Following this 2nd look surgery the number of cases with a GTR increased to 56/68 (82%). There has been a clear increase in the number of patients for whom a GTR has been achieved following discussion at EMAG and prior to them moving forwards with their oncological treatment. This can only have beneficial effects in decreasing their risk of tumour recurrence or CSF dissemination and also in reducing the target volume for radiotherapy.

scholarly journals EEG Fractal Analysis Reflects Brain Impairment after Stroke

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Maria Rubega ◽  
Emanuela Formaggio ◽  
Franco Molteni ◽  
Eleonora Guanziroli ◽  
Roberto Di Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Fractal Measures ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Random Fluctuations

Stroke is the commonest cause of disability. Novel treatments require an improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms of recovery. Fractal approaches have demonstrated that a single metric can describe the complexity of seemingly random fluctuations of physiological signals. We hypothesize that fractal algorithms applied to electroencephalographic (EEG) signals may track brain impairment after stroke. Sixteen stroke survivors were studied in the hyperacute (<48 h) and in the acute phase (∼1 week after stroke), and 35 stroke survivors during the early subacute phase (from 8 days to 32 days and after ∼2 months after stroke): We compared resting-state EEG fractal changes using fractal measures (i.e., Higuchi Index, Tortuosity) with 11 healthy controls. Both Higuchi index and Tortuosity values were significantly lower after a stroke throughout the acute and early subacute stage compared to healthy subjects, reflecting a brain activity which is significantly less complex. These indices may be promising metrics to track behavioral changes in the very early stage after stroke. Our findings might contribute to the neurorehabilitation quest in identifying reliable biomarkers for a better tailoring of rehabilitation pathways.

scholarly journals Why Protect Ancient Woodland in the UK? Rethinking the Ecosystem Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Jona Razzaque ◽  
Claire Lester
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Ancient Woodland ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Sites of ancient woodland in the United Kingdom (UK) are diminishing rapidly and the multifunctional forest management system with its fragmented approach fails effectively to protect such woodland. In the face of reports on the destruction of ancient woodland, the HS2 High-Speed train project in the UK signifies the extent of trade-offs among the key stakeholders. Such large infrastructure projects typically come with high environmental and social costs, including deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, and social disruption. This article examines the protection of ancient woodland in the UK and assesses the challenges in applying the ecosystem approach, an internationally recognized sustainability strategy, in the context of such protection. A better understanding of the ecosystem approach to manage ancient woodland is critical for promoting sustainable forestry practices in the UK and informs the discussion in this article of the importance of conserving ancient woodland globally. Lessons learned from UK woodland policies and certification schemes include the need to have in place strong regulatory frameworks, introduce clear indicators, and recognize pluralistic value systems alongside economic considerations. The article concludes that the protection of ancient woodland in the UK requires distinct and strong laws that reflect multiple values of this resource, acknowledge the trade-offs among stakeholders, and adopt an inclusive approach to reduce power asymmetries.

The Structure and Propagation Mechanism of Turbulent Flames in High Speed Flow

1955 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN SUMMERFIELD ◽  
SYDNEY H. REITER ◽  
VICTOR KEBELY ◽  
RICHARD W. MASCOLO
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Turbulent Flames ◽  
Propagation Mechanism ◽  
High Speed Flow ◽  
Speed Flow
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