scholarly journals Causal density and integrated information as measures of conscious level

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1952) ◽  
pp. 3748-3767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil K. Seth ◽  
Adam B. Barrett ◽  
Lionel Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Dynamical Complexity ◽  
Conscious Level ◽  
Dynamical Features ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Dreamless Sleep ◽  
Integrated Information

An outstanding challenge in neuroscience is to develop theoretically grounded and practically applicable quantitative measures that are sensitive to conscious level. Such measures should be high for vivid alert conscious wakefulness, and low for unconscious states such as dreamless sleep, coma and general anaesthesia. Here, we describe recent progress in the development of measures of dynamical complexity, in particular causal density and integrated information . These and similar measures capture in different ways the extent to which a system's dynamics are simultaneously differentiated and integrated. Because conscious scenes are distinguished by the same dynamical features, these measures are therefore good candidates for reflecting conscious level. After reviewing the theoretical background, we present new simulation results demonstrating similarities and differences between the measures, and we discuss remaining challenges in the practical application of the measures to empirically obtained data.

Scientific Knowledge in Sociology: Problem Statement

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Gennady V. Kanygin ◽  
Maria S. Poltinnikova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Methodological Problem ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Problem Statement ◽  
Hidden Knowledge ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The article opens a cycle of publications, which analyze the similarities and differences between the two wide spread modern approaches to the description of society - sociological and informational ones. Both approaches have the same methodological problem to be solved. The problem of expressing hidden knowledge about society that participants in social processes operate with the help of natural language in the course of social communication. In order to harmonize sociological and informational approaches of describing society, it was proposed any natural language statements involved in describing society to be arranged according to the basic principle of information technology - modularity. The proposed way of harmonizing informational and sociological methods of building knowledge about society is invoked by the need to solve two scientific problems formulated in sociology itself - the constructability of social objects and the complexity of social relationships. The paper's methodological proposals are embodied in their computer realization, which practical application is demonstrated in other publications of the authors.

The Application of Bayesian Statistics in Calculating Project Buffer

2011 ◽  
Vol 58-60 ◽  
pp. 1018-1024
Author(s):  
Feng Ye ◽  
Gui Chen Xu ◽  
Di Kang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Statistics ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Crystal Ball ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Stability

This paper reviews several current methods of calculating buffer on the basis of pointing out each merits and pitfalls and then introduces Bayesian statistical approach to CCS / BM domain to calculate the size of the project buffer, to overcome that the current method of the buffer calculation is too subjective and the defect on lacking of practical application. In Crystal Ball, we compare the simulation results of implementation process on the benchmark of C&PM, RESM and SM. The results show that the buffer using this method can ensure the stability of the project’s completion probability, and this method has great flexibility.

scholarly journals Effects of Motion Compensation Residual Error and Polarization Distortion on UAV-Borne PolInSAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 618
Author(s):  
Zexin Lv ◽  
Fangfang Li ◽  
Xiaolan Qiu ◽  
Chibiao Ding
Keyword(s):  
Motion Compensation ◽  
Residual Error ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Large Motion ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Interferometric Sar

Polarimetric Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolInSAR) can improve interferometric coherence and phase quality, which has good application potential. With the development of the Mini-SAR system, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle borne (UAV-borne) PolInSAR systems became a reality. However, UAV-borne PolInSAR is easily affected by air currents and other factors, which may cause large motion errors and polarization distortion inevitably exists. However, there are few pieces of research which are about motion compensation residual error (MCRE) and polarization distortion effects on PolInSAR. Though the effects of MCRE on Interferometric SAR (InSAR) and polarization distortion on PolInSAR were studied, respectively, these two parts are independently modeled and analyzed. In this paper, a model that simultaneously considers the effects of these two kinds of errors is proposed, and simulation results are given to validate the model. Then, a quantitative analysis based on a real Quadcopter UAV PolInSAR system is performed according to the model, which is valuable for system design and practical application of the UAV-borne PolInSAR system.

Sound absorption based on Micro-perforated panels and Acoustic Black Hole principle

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. 548-555
Author(s):  
Xiaoqi Zhang ◽  
Li Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Inner Radius ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Structural Configurations ◽  
Acoustic Black Holes ◽  
Sound Reduction ◽  
Bending Wave

Acoustic black holes (ABHs) have been so far investigated mainly for bending wave ma-nipulation in mechanical structures such as beams or plates. The investigations on ABHs for sound wave manipulation, referred to as Sonic black holes (SBHs) are scarce. Existing SBH structure for sound reduction in air is typically formed by putting a set of rings inside a duct wall with decreasing inner radius according to a power law. As such, the structure is very complex and difficult to be practically realized, which hampers the practical application of SBHs for sound reduction. This study explores the possibilities of achieving SBH effects using other types of structural configurations. In particular, micro-perforated panels are proposed to be introduced into the conventional SBH structure, and the simulation results show that the new formed SBH structure is simpler in configuration in terms of number of rings and more efficient in terms of sound energy trapping and dissipation.

scholarly journals Breathable Materials for Triboelectric Effect-Based Wearable Electronics

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congju Li ◽  
Ran Cao ◽  
Xiuling Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Metal Mesh ◽  
Frictional Materials ◽  
Nanofiber Membranes ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Triboelectric Effect

Wearable electronics are believed to be the future of the next-generation electric devices. However, the comfort of current wearable devices is greatly limited due to the use of airtight materials, which may even lead to inflammation of the skin. Therefore, breathable, skin-friendly materials, are highly desired for wearable devices. Here, the recent progress of the breathable materials used to fabricate skin-friendly electronics is reviewed by taking triboelectric effect-based wearable electronics as a typical example. Fibers, yarns, textiles, and nanofiber membranes are the most popular dielectric materials that serve as frictional materials. Metal mesh, silver yarn, and conductive networks made up of nanomaterial are preferred as air-permissive electrodes. The breathable materials for skin-friendly wearable electronics summarized in this review provide valuable references for future fabrication of humanized wearable devices and hold great significance for the practical application of wearable devices.

scholarly journals Estimating a Distribution Function at the Boundary

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Shunpu Zhang ◽  
Zhong Li ◽  
Zhiying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Kernel Estimation ◽  
Kernel Estimator ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Distribution Kernel ◽  
Estimation Of Distribution ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Boundary Correction

Estimation of distribution functions has many real-world applications. We study kernel estimation of a distribution function when the density function has compact support. We show that, for densities taking value zero at the endpoints of the support, the kernel distribution estimator does not need boundary correction. Otherwise, boundary correction is necessary. In this paper, we propose a boundary distribution kernel estimator which is free of boundary problem and provides non-negative and non-decreasing distribution estimates between zero and one. Extensive simulation results show that boundary distribution kernel estimator provides better distribution estimates than the existing boundary correction methods. For practical application of the proposed methods, a data-dependent method for choosing the bandwidth is also proposed.

Suspended Deportation Orders: A Proposed Law Reform

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-319
Author(s):  
Jonathan Collinson
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Criminal Offending ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Foreign National ◽  
Statutory Law ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Hard Cases

Abstract The Immigration Act 2014, the UK statutory law governing deportation, requires deportation as the normal consequence of criminal offending by a foreign national. Deportation is a binary institution; a foreign national offender (FNO) is made subject to a deportation order and deported from the UK, or they are not. This is problematic because it creates two kinds of ‘hard cases’ on either side of the statutory categories for exemption from deportation on the basis of an FNO’s article 8 ECHR family life. This article proposes the introduction of a ‘suspended deportation order’ so as to create a third possible disposal for deportation appeals as a means by which to tackle the problems arising from the binary outcomes to deportation appeals. The article examines suspended prison sentences as a model for the rationale and practical application of a ‘suspended deportation order’, noting both similarities and differences to this fixture of sentencing law.

A PCA Based Fault Detection and Isolation Method for Train Locating System

2010 ◽  
Vol 20-23 ◽  
pp. 688-693
Author(s):  
Jiang Liu ◽  
Bai Gen Cai ◽  
Tao Tang ◽  
Jian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Fault Detection And Isolation ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Efficiency Factors ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Locating System ◽  
Fault Detectors

Fault tolerance is crucial to the operating safety and performance of train locating system. Based on the requirements of reliability and safety for train locating, the fault characteristics of location measuring sensors are analyzed. Based on the structure of the train locating system, the fault-tolerant design of the system is given with the location filtering module for case, in which six fault detectors are employed to determine the configuration of the module. Then a PCA based fault detection and isolation method is proposed with Hawkins T2 statistics and the corresponding control limit. By dynamically adjusting the efficiency factors, fault could be detected and isolated as prior defined isolating strategies, and then the fault tolerant performance will be guaranteed. Simulation results demonstrate the high fault tolerant ability of the proposed approach and certain practical application value.

scholarly journals The Local Triangle Structure Centrality Method to Rank Nodes in Networks

Complexity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojian Ma ◽  
Yinghong Ma
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Local Structure ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Ranking Method ◽  
Information Propagation ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
H Index ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Important Nodes

Detecting influential spreaders had become a challenging and crucial topic so far due to its practical application in many areas, such as information propagation inhibition and disease dissemination control. Some traditional local based evaluation methods had given many discussions on ranking important nodes. In this paper, ranking nodes of networks continues to be discussed. A semilocal structures method for ranking nodes based on the degree and the neighbors’ connections of the node is presented. The semilocal structures are regarded as the number of neighbors of the nodes and the connections between the node and its neighbors. We combined the triangle structure and the degree information of the neighbors to define the inner-outer spreading ability of the nodes and then summed the node neighbors’ inner-outer spreading ability to be used as the local triangle structure centrality (LTSC). The LTSC avoids the defect “pseudo denser connections” in measuring the structure of neighbors. The performance of the proposed LTSC method is evaluated by comparing the spreading ability on both real-world and synthetic networks with the SIR model. The simulation results of the discriminability and the correctness compared with pairs of ranks (one is generated by SIR model and the others are generated by central nodes measures) show that LTSC outperforms some other local or semilocal methods in evaluating the node’s influence in most cases, such as degree, betweenness, H-index, local centrality, local structure centrality, K-shell, and S-shell. The experiments prove that the LTSC is an efficient and accurate ranking method which provides a more reasonable evaluating index to rank nodes than some previous approaches.

scholarly journals Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to CO Catalyzed by 2D Nanostructures

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaitanya B. Hiragond ◽  
Hwapyong Kim ◽  
Junho Lee ◽  
Saurav Sorcar ◽  
Can Erkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Metal Chalcogenides ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Electrochemical Co2 Reduction ◽  
Excellent Activity ◽  
Transition Metal Chalcogenides

Electrochemical CO2 reduction towards value-added chemical feedstocks has been extensively studied in recent years to resolve the energy and environmental problems. The practical application of electrochemical CO2 reduction technology requires a cost-effective, highly efficient, and robust catalyst. To date, vigorous research have been carried out to increase the proficiency of electrocatalysts. In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) graphene and transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have displayed excellent activity towards CO2 reduction. This review focuses on the recent progress of 2D graphene and TMCs for selective electrochemical CO2 reduction into CO.

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