scholarly journals Too expensive to meter: the influence of transaction costs in transportation and communication

2008 ◽  
Vol 366 (1872) ◽  
pp. 2033-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Levinson ◽  
Andrew Odlyzko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
The Future ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Public Opposition

Technology appears to be making fine-scale charging (as in tolls on roads that depend on time of day or even on current and anticipated levels of congestion) increasingly feasible. Such charging also appears to be increasingly desirable, as traffic on roads continues to grow and costs and public opposition limit new construction. Similar incentives towards fine-scale charging also appear to be operating in communications and other areas, such as electricity usage. Standard economic theory supports such measures and technology is being developed and deployed to implement them. But their spread is not very rapid and their prospects for the future are uncertain. This paper presents a collection of sketches, ranging from ancient history to very recent developments, that illustrate the costs that charging imposes. Some of those costs are explicit (in terms of the monetary costs to users and the costs of implementing the charging mechanisms). Others are implicit, such as the time or the mental processing costs of users. These argue that the case for fine-scale charging is not unambiguous and that in many cases such charging may lead to undesirable outcomes.

Wilfred Ethier. Modern International Economics. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 1983. xviii + 588 pp.

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-83
Author(s):  
Nadeem A. Burney
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
International Economics ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
International Markets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Recent Developments

Its been long recognized that various economies of the world are interlinked through international trade. The experience of the past several years, however, has demonstrated that this economic interdependence is far greater than was previously realized. In this context, the importance of international economic theory as an area distinct from general economics hardly needs any mentioning. What gives international economic theory this distinction is international markets for some goods and effects of national sovereignty on the character of economic activity. Wilfred Ethier's book, which incorporates recent developments in the field, is an excellent addition to textbooks on international economics for one- or twosemester undergraduate courses. The book mostly covers standard topics. A distinguishing feature of this book is its detailed analysis of the flexible exchange rates and a discussion of the various approaches used for their determination. Within each chapter, the author has extensively used facts, figures and major events to clarify the concepts in the light of the theoretical framework. The book also discusses, in a fair amount of detail, the existing international monetary system and the role of various international organizations.

Recent developments in regional transit for Greater Vancouver

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-339
Author(s):  
Brian E. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Shopping Centres ◽  
The Future ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Trunk Routes ◽  
The City ◽  
Capital Intensive

The transit system serving Greater Vancouver has high ridership and a high rate of growth. Using as a base the well-designed, well-patronized trolleybus grid in the City of Vancouver, an inter-connected suburban bus network has been created, with radial, cross-radial, and local routes meeting on a timed connection basis at suburban shopping centres and other foci. Planners' thoughts for the future include greater emphasis on the micro and macro aspects of land use and relations to transit; the use of capital intensive modes for heavy trunk routes; and the use of various forms of para-transit for low-density and certain feeder applications.

scholarly journals Fictions and frictions: Promises, transaction costs and the innovation of network technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udo Pesch ◽  
Georgy Ishmaev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Cyclical Pattern ◽  
Critical Scrutiny ◽  
Network Technologies

New network technologies are framed as eliminating ‘transaction costs’, a notion first developed in economic theory that now drives the design of market systems. However, the actual promise of the elimination of transaction costs seems unfeasible, because of a cyclical pattern in which network technologies that make that promise create processes of institutionalization that create new forms transaction costs. Nonetheless, the promises legitimize the exemption of innovations of network technologies from critical scrutiny.

scholarly journals Sentencing Reform in Canada: Recent Developments

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian V. Roberts ◽  
Andrew von Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Sentencing Reform ◽  
Solicitor General ◽  
The Future ◽  
Recent Developments

Changes to the sentencing process in Canada are finally imminent. A number of reports in recent years have called for reforms in the area of sentencing and parole. In 1987, the Canadian Sentencing Commission released its final report Sentencing Reform: A Canadian Approach. This was followed in 1988 by the report of the Daubney Committee following its investigation into sentencing and parole. In addition to these proposals, the now-defunct Law Reform Commission of Canada, the Department of Justice and the Ministry of the Solicitor General all published reports containing reform proposals. In this article, the authors review recent events in the area of sentencing since the publication of the report of the Canadian Sentencing Commission. After a brief introduction, four principal policy issues are examined: (i) statutory statements of sentencing purpose; (ii) sentencing guidelines; (iii) the future of release on parole; (iv) the creation of a permanent sentencing commission for Canada. For each issue, the article critically examines the position taken by major players in the area of criminal law reform. The article concludes with a brief examination of Bill C-90, which recently received first reading, and which will be the object of further parliamentary scrutiny in the fall of 1992. In a subsequent article, the authors offer their own proposals to reform the sentencing of offenders in Canada.

scholarly journals Natural Resources and the Constitution: Some Recent Developments and their Implications for the Future Regulation of the Resource Industries

1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowland J. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
The Future ◽  
Recent Developments

This paper reviews recent developments with respect to constitutional jurisdiction over natural resources. Particular reference is made to discussions between the federal and pro vincial governments directed towards reallocation of authority. It also examines poten tial implications of the constitutional reform movement for the future regulation of the petroleum industry.

scholarly journals Recent developments in BRIC’s corporate governance with a focus on Russia – Innovation or imitation?

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udo C. Braendle
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Corporate Sector ◽  
Draft Code ◽  
Bric Countries ◽  
The Future ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Code Of Corporate Governance

The practice of joint-stock companies in Russia and other BRIC countries suggests that the development of the corporate sector and the stock market requires a corporate governance level of the companies that corresponds to international standards. The Russian Code of Corporate Conduct was implemented in 2002 and has not been revised for many years. The same is true for Codes of other BRIC countries. 2013 the situation has changed. Russia published a Draft Code of Corporate Governance that should reflect the changes in Russian Corporate Governance over the last 10 years. The paper critically analyses this draft code and gives implications about the future of corporate governance in Russia. We are doing so in comparing Russian Corporate Governance Initiatives with those of other BRIC countries.

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