Monitoring super-volcanoes: geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems

2006 ◽  
Vol 364 (1845) ◽  
pp. 2055-2072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob B Lowenstern ◽  
Robert B Smith ◽  
David P Hill
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Mass Flux ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Volcanic Events ◽  
Long Valley ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many

Earth's largest calderas form as the ground collapses during immense volcanic eruptions, when hundreds to thousands of cubic kilometres of magma are explosively withdrawn from the Earth's crust over a period of days to weeks. Continuing long after such great eruptions, the resulting calderas often exhibit pronounced unrest, with frequent earthquakes, alternating uplift and subsidence of the ground, and considerable heat and mass flux. Because many active and extinct calderas show evidence for repetition of large eruptions, such systems demand detailed scientific study and monitoring. Two calderas in North America, Yellowstone (Wyoming) and Long Valley (California), are in areas of youthful tectonic complexity. Scientists strive to understand the signals generated when tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal (hot ground water) processes intersect. One obstacle to accurate forecasting of large volcanic events is humanity's lack of familiarity with the signals leading up to the largest class of volcanic eruptions. Accordingly, it may be difficult to recognize the difference between smaller and larger eruptions. To prepare ourselves and society, scientists must scrutinize a spectrum of volcanic signals and assess the many factors contributing to unrest and toward diverse modes of eruption.

scholarly journals Grounding semantic transparency in context

Morphology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Varvara ◽  
Gabriella Lapesa ◽  
Sebastian Padó
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Distributional Semantics ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Inclusion Measure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Semantic Point ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWe present the results of a large-scale corpus-based comparison of two German event nominalization patterns: deverbal nouns in -ung (e.g., die Evaluierung, ‘the evaluation’) and nominal infinitives (e.g., das Evaluieren, ‘the evaluating’). Among the many available event nominalization patterns for German, we selected these two because they are both highly productive and challenging from the semantic point of view. Both patterns are known to keep a tight relation with the event denoted by the base verb, but with different nuances. Our study targets a better understanding of the differences in their semantic import.The key notion of our comparison is that of semantic transparency, and we propose a usage-based characterization of the relationship between derived nominals and their bases. Using methods from distributional semantics, we bring to bear two concrete measures of transparency which highlight different nuances: the first one, cosine, detects nominalizations which are semantically similar to their bases; the second one, distributional inclusion, detects nominalizations which are used in a subset of the contexts of the base verb. We find that only the inclusion measure helps in characterizing the difference between the two types of nominalizations, in relation with the traditionally considered variable of relative frequency (Hay, 2001). Finally, the distributional analysis allows us to frame our comparison in the broader coordinates of the inflection vs. derivation cline.

Indigenous Epistemologies of North America

Episteme ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Barry Allen
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Traditional Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Indigenous Cultures ◽  
Indigenous Epistemologies ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Indigenous cultures of North America confronted a problem of knowledge different from that of canonical European philosophy. The European problem is to identify and overcome obstacles to the perfection of knowledge as science, while the Indigenous problem is to conserve a legacy of practice fused with a territory. Complicating the difference is that one of these traditions violently colonized the other, and with colonization the Indigenous problem changes. The old problem of inter-generational stability cannot be separated from the post-colonial problem of sovereignty in the land where the knowledge makes sense. I differentiate the question of the value of knowledge (Part 1), and its content (Part 2). The qualities these epistemologies favor define what I call ceremonial knowledge, that is, knowledge that sustains a ceremonial community. The question of content considers the interdisciplinary research of Indigenous and Traditional Ecological Knowledge, as well as the issue of epistemic decolonization.

The Hindu Kush earthquake of March 4, 1949 as recorded in Europe

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (6A) ◽  
pp. 1915-1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Amplitude Ratio ◽  
Epicentral Distance ◽  
Focal Region ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Period Range ◽  
Characteristic Appearance ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Deep Focus ◽  
The Many

abstract The European records from distances 36°-50° of the deep Hindu Kush earthquake of March 4, 1949 were studied. The many clearly recorded deep-focus reflections lend to the records a characteristic appearance which is repeated in many other shocks from the same focal region. The ratios of the amplitudes of these phases vary somewhat from one shock to another. In the shock here considered sP and sPP are exceptionally large at most stations; in the Italian stations they are not so large, while pP is a clear phase. pP is not very well defined at most other stations. Most of the 1949 records were from the old type long-period instruments having their highest magnification for periods from about 5 sec to 12 sec. Present day instruments of quite short or of very long proper period while admirable for many purposes do not record waves in this period range very well and therefore do not produce a satisfactory picture of the forerunners of earthquakes. The difference between the records obtained on different instruments is illustrated. It is shown in examples that the amplitude ratio PP:P may differ strongly at the same epicentral distance and also that pP may vary greatly with azimuth. The deficiency of station readings is noted. Travel times and their residuals are tabulated and travel times plotted versus epicentral distances.

Effects of Hole Pitch to Diameter Ratio P/D of Impingement and Film Hole on Laminated Cooling Effectiveness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weilun Zhou ◽  
Qinghua Deng ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Zhenping Feng
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flux ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Hole Diameter ◽  
Heat Transfer Analysis ◽  
Internal Cooling ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
The Difference

The laminated cooling, also known as impingement-effusion cooling, is believed to be a promising gas turbine blade cooling technique. In this paper, conjugate heat transfer analysis was employed to investigate the overall cooling effectiveness and total pressure loss of the laminated cooling configuration. The pitch to film hole diameter ratio P/Df of 3, 4, 5, 6, combined with pitch to impingement hole diameter ratio P/Di of 4, 6, 8, 10, are studied at the coolant mass flux G of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kg/(sm2bar) respectively. The results show that overall cooling effectiveness of laminated cooling configuration increases with the decreasing of P/Df and the increasing of the coolant mass flux in general. However P/Df smaller than 3 may leads to a serious blocking in first few film holes at low coolant mass flux. The large P/Di that makes the Mach number of impingement flow greater than 0.16 may cause unacceptable pressure loss. The increment of overall cooling effectiveness depends on the difference between the deterioration of external cooling and the enhancement of internal cooling. Pressure loss increases exponentially with P/Di and G, and it increases more slowly with P/Df that compared to P/Di and G. The mixing loss takes up the most pressure loss at low coolant mass flux. With the increasing of the whole pressure loss, the proportion of throttling loss and laminated loss becomes larger and finally takes up the most of the whole pressure loss. When the sum of throttling loss and laminated loss is greater than mixing loss, the increment of system pressure ratio is unreasonable that compared to the increment of overall cooling effectiveness.

A Traveller's Guide to Putnam's “Narrow Path”

Dialogue ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Davies
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Relativism ◽  
Hilary Putnam ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Metaphysical Realism ◽  
Internal Realism ◽  
Present Volume ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many

It is now over 15 years since Hilary Putnam first urged that we take the “narrow path” of internal realism as a way of navigating between “the swamps of metaphysics and the quicksands of cultural relativism and historicism” (1983, p. 226). In the opening lines of the Preface to Realism with a Human Face, a collection of Putnam's recent papers edited by James Conant, Putnam reaffirms his allegiance to this narrow path, unmoved by Realist murmurings from the swamps and laconic Rortian suggestions that only the quicksands are a proper metaphilosophical abode for those willing to confront our lack of epistemological and metaphysical foundations. If there are changes to be discerned in these writings, Putnam avers, they pertain only to the burden allotted to different considerations in the overall economy of his argument: “It might be said that the difference between the present volume and my work prior to The Many Faces of Realism is a shift in emphasis: a shift from emphasizing model-theoretic arguments against metaphysical realism to emphasizing conceptual relativity” (p. xi).

scholarly journals ISMB 2003 Bio-ontologies SIG and Sixth Annual Bio-ontologies Meeting Report

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Lord ◽  
Robert Stevens
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Meeting Report ◽  
The Many ◽  
First Time

The Annual Bio-Ontologies meeting (http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/˜stevens/meeting03/) has now been running for 6 consecutive years, as a special interest group (SIG) of the much larger ISMB conference. It met in Brisbane, Australia, this summer, the first time it was held outside North America or Europe. The bio-ontologies meeting is 1 day long and normally has around 100 attendees. This year there were many fewer, no doubt a result of the distance, global politics and SARS. The meeting consisted of a series of 30 min talks with no formal peer review or publication. Talks ranged in style from fairly formal and complete pieces of work, through works in progress, to the very informal and discursive. Each year's meeting has a theme and this year it was ‘ontologies, and text processing’. There is a tendency for those submitting talks to ignore the theme completely, but this year's theme obviously struck a chord, as half the programme was about ontologies and text analysis (http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/˜stevensr/meeting03/programme.html). Despite the smaller size of the meeting, the programme was particularly strong this year, meaning that the tension between allowing time for the many excellent talks, discussion and questions from the floor was particular keenly felt. A happy problem to have!

Presidential Address: Go to the Principal's Office: Toward a Social History of the School Principal in North America

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Rousmaniere
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
North America ◽  
Social History ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
School Principal ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
School Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

Of the many organizational changes that took place in public education in North America at the turn of the last century, few had greater impact on the school than the development of the principal. The creation of the principal's office revolutionized the internal organization of the school from a group of students supervised by one teacher to a collection of teachers managed by one administrator. In its very conception, the appointment of a school-based administrator who was authorized to supervise other teachers significantly restructured power relations in schools, realigning the source of authority from the classroom to the principal's office. Just as significant was the role that the principal played as a school based representative of the central educational office.

scholarly journals Imperialismo en el siglo XXI

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 49-74
Author(s):  
John Smith ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Neoliberal Globalization ◽  
The North ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
Economic Foundation ◽  
The Difference

The globalization of production and its spread to low-income countries is the most notable transformation of the neoliberal era. Its driving force is the efforts by companies in Europe, North America and Japan to cut costs and raise profits, replacing relatively well-paid domestic labor for cheaper foreign labor. The gap in global wages, in great part the result of the suppression of the free movement of labor, provides a distorted view of the global differences in the rate of exploitation (simply, the difference between the value generated by the workers and what they are paid) upon which profits, prosperity and social peace in Europe, North America and Japan are ever-more reliant. Thus, neoliberal globalization should be seen as a new imperialist stage in capitalist development, where «imperialism» is defined by its economic foundation: the exploitation of labor in the South by capitalists from the North.

History of the Larch Sawfly, with Notes on Origin and Biology,

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Coppel ◽  
K. Leius
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biological Characters ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Forest Biology

The larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichronii (Htg.), is currently considered a major forest insect pest in Canada. At the present time within Canada, the sawfly reacts to parasitism by Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley in two ways. In Manitoba and Saslratchewan the sawfly encapsulates approximately 100 per cent of the parasite eggs deposited, whereas in British Columbia encapsulation rarely exceeds four per cent (Muldrew, 1953). The reasons for the difference in degree of encapsulation are apparently unknown; however, since the origin of the sawfly itself is obscure, the possibility exists that a native species, an introduced species, Or a combination of both may he present, or that geographical or ecological units may have arisen. Studies now under way by officers of the Forest Biology and Entomology divisions are attacking the problem of identity and origin following the pattern established for the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.). In this instance, as with the larch sawfly, parasites were introduced on the assumption that the pest had been introduced from Europe. Critical investigations by Reeks (1941) and Balch, Reeks, and Smith (1941), involving morphological, cytological, and other biological characters, showed that the species occurring in North America was one of two species common in Europe, and previously referred to there as Gilpinia polytoma (Htg.). Balch et al. (1941) showed that D. hercyniae had been introduced into North America.

scholarly journals The Palearctic species Bembidion femoratum and Amara communis (Coleoptera: Carabidae): new records and notes on modes of introduction to North America

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 532-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Majka
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
New Records ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Palearctic Species ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sizeable Number

AbstractThe Palearctic species Amara communis (Panzer) and Bembidion femoratum Sturm were both first reported from North America in 1992. Since that time a sizeable number of additional specimens of both species have been found, which substantially expands their known range on the continent. These records are summarized herein. The possible modes of introduction of both species are discussed within the context of other introduced insects, particularly those first found in Atlantic Canada. In the case of A. communis, the many coastal localities where it occurs would seem to indicate that it was introduced in association with transatlantic marine traffic, possibly the shipment of dry ballast. In the case of B. femoratum, the mode of introduction is less clear. Possible associations with nursery stock, dry ballast, and the movement of aircraft are all discussed.

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