Thermodynamics in solid mechanics: a commentary

2005 ◽  
Vol 363 (1836) ◽  
pp. 2465-2477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Baker
Keyword(s):  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Solid Mechanics ◽  
Material Behaviour ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Real Material ◽  
Nonlinear Solid Mechanics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Thermodynamic Processes

This commentary on thermodynamics in solid mechanics aims to provide an overview of the main concepts of thermodynamic processes as they apply to, and may be exploited for, studies in nonlinear solid mechanics. We give a descriptive commentary on the (physical) interpretation of these concepts, and relate these where appropriate to behaviour of solids under thermo-mechanical conditions. The motivation is firstly that students of solid mechanics have often had less exposure to thermodynamics than those in other branches of science and engineering, yet there is great value in analytical formulations of material behaviour derived from the principles of thermodynamics. It also sets the contributions in this Theme Issue in context. Along with the deliberately descriptive treatment of thermodynamics, we do outline the main mathematical statements that define the subject, knowing that full details are provided by the authors in their corresponding contributions to this issue. The commentary ends on a lighter note. In order to aid understanding and to stimulate discussion of thermodynamics in solid mechanics, we have invented a number of very basic and completely fictitious materials. These have strange and extreme behaviours that describe certain thermodynamics concepts, such as entropy, in isolation from the complexities of real material behaviour.

scholarly journals GEORGE KEITH BATCHELOR 8 March 1920–30 March 2000 Founding Editor, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1956

2000 ◽  
Vol 421 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERBERT E. HUPPERT
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Solid Mechanics ◽  
Applied Mathematics ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Founding Editor ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
The Subject

George Batchelor was one of the giants of fluid mechanics in the second half of the twentieth century. He had a passion for physical and quantitative understanding of fluid flows and a single-minded determination that fluid mechanics should be pursued as a subject in its own right. He once wrote that he ‘spent a lifetime happily within its boundaries’. Six feet tall, thin and youthful in appearance, George's unchanging attire and demeanour contrasted with his ever-evolving scientific insights and contributions. His strongly held and carefully articulated opinions, coupled with his forthright objectivity, shone through everything he undertook.George's pervasive influence sprang from a number of factors. First, he conducted imaginative, ground-breaking research, which was always based on clear physical thinking. Second, he founded a school of fluid mechanics, inspired by his mentor G. I. Taylor, that became part of the world renowned Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) of which he was the Head from its inception in 1959 until he retired from his Professorship in 1983. Third, he established this Journal in 1956 and actively oversaw all its activities for more than forty years, until he relinquished his editorship at the end of 1998. Fourth, he wrote the monumental textbook An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, which first appeared in 1967, has been translated into four languages and has been relaunched this year, the year of his death. This book, which describes the fundamentals of the subject and discusses many applications, has been closely studied and frequently cited by generations of students and research workers. It has already sold over 45 000 copies. And fifth, but not finally, he helped initiate a number of international organizations (often European), such as the European Mechanics Committee (now Society) and the biennial Polish Fluid Mechanics Meetings, and contributed extensively to the running of IUTAM, the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. The aim of all of these associations is to foster fluid (and to some extent solid) mechanics and to encourage the development of the subject.

scholarly journals Explicit Numerical Solution of High - Dimensional Advection - Diffusion

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Elham Bayatmanesh
Keyword(s):  
High Dimensional ◽  
Numerical Techniques ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Advection Diffusion Equation ◽  
Advection Diffusion ◽  
Constant Coefficients ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The Several numerical techniques have been developed and compared for solving the one-dimensional and three-dimentional advection-diffusion equation with constant coefficients. the subject has played very important roles to fluid dynamics as well as many other field of science and engineering. In this article, we will be presenting the of n-dimentional and we neglect the numerical examples.

scholarly journals Challenges for theories of consciousness: seeing or knowing, the missing ingredient and how to deal with panpsychism

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1755) ◽  
pp. 20170344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor A. F. Lamme
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Perceptual Consciousness ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Cognitive Access ◽  
Visual Consciousness ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Made In

Significant progress has been made in the study of consciousness. Promising theories have been developed and a wealth of experimental data has been generated, both guiding us towards a better understanding of this complex phenomenon. However, new challenges have surfaced. Is visual consciousness about the seeing or the knowing that you see? Controversy about whether the conscious experience is better explained by theories that focus on phenomenal (P-consciousness) or cognitive aspects (A-consciousness) remains, and the debate seems to reach a stalemate. Can we ever resolve this? A further challenge is that many theories of consciousness seem to endorse high degrees of panpsychism—the notion that all beings or even lifeless objects have conscious experience. Should we accept this, or does it imply that these theories require further ingredients that would put a lower bound on beings or devices that have conscious experience? If so, what could these ‘missing ingredients’ be? These challenges are discussed, and potential solutions are offered. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Perceptual consciousness and cognitive access’.

scholarly journals Dynamic simulations of many-body electrostatic self-assembly

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2115) ◽  
pp. 20170143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric B. Lindgren ◽  
Benjamin Stamm ◽  
Yvon Maday ◽  
Elena Besley ◽  
A. J. Stace
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Theoretical Chemistry ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Small Clusters

Two experimental studies relating to electrostatic self-assembly have been the subject of dynamic computer simulations, where the consequences of changing the charge and the dielectric constant of the materials concerned have been explored. One series of calculations relates to experiments on the assembly of polymer particles that have been subjected to tribocharging and the simulations successfully reproduce many of the observed patterns of behaviour. A second study explores events observed following collisions between single particles and small clusters composed of charged particles derived from a metal oxide composite. As before, observations recorded during the course of the experiments are reproduced by the calculations. One study in particular reveals how particle polarizability can influence the assembly process. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modern theoretical chemistry’.

Knowing That and Knowing About

Aboutness ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Yablo
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Internal Part ◽  
The Subject

This chapter discusses how seeming closure violations have been met with three main responses: counterfactualism (Nozick), contextualism (Cohen, DeRose, Lewis), and Carnap's idea that There are numbers is harder to know because it addresses a trickier sort of question. Our picture has some contextualism in it, since the subject matter of I am sitting changes in skeptical contexts, thereby “destroying our knowledge.” It has some counterfactualism in it, insofar as being on top a counterpossibility is being such that one would have noticed, had that counterpossibility obtained. It has some Carnap in it, too, for when the doubters come round, one takes refuge in the ordinary, “internal,” part of I am sitting, the part that concerns its old, nonskeptical, subject matter.

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