The past 5000 years history of solar modulation of cosmic radiation from 10 Be and 14 C studies

1990 ◽  
Vol 330 (1615) ◽  
pp. 471-480 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Solar Modulation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Terrestrial Biomass

10 Be is produced in a similar way as 14 C by the interaction of cosmic radiation with the nuclei in the atmosphere. Assuming that the 10 Be and 14 C variation are proportional and considering the different behaviour in the Earth system, the 10 Be concentrations in ice cores can be compared with the 14 C variations in tree rings. A high correlation is found for the short-term variations ( 14 C-Suess-wiggles). They reflect with a high probability production rate variations. More problematic is the interpretation of the long-term trends of 14 C and 10 Be. Several explanations are discussed. The reconstructed CO 2 concentrations in ice cores indicate a rather constant value (280 ± 10 p.p.m. by volume) during the past few millenia. Measurements on the ice core from Byrd Station, Antarctica, during the period 9000 to 6000 years BP indicate a decrease that might be explained by the extraction of CO 2 from the atmosphere-ocean system to build the terrestrial biomass pool during the climatic optimum.

scholarly journals Differing pre-industrial cooling trends between tree-rings and lower-resolution temperature proxies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Klippel ◽  
Scott St. George ◽  
Ulf Büntgen ◽  
Paul J. Krusic ◽  
Jan Esper
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Cooling Trend

Abstract. The 692 proxy records of the new PAGES 2k compilation offer an unprecedented opportunity to study regional to global temperature trends associated with orbitally-driven changes in solar irradiance over the past two millennia. Here, we analyse the significance of long-term trends from 1–1800 CE in the PAGES 2k compilation’s tree-ring, ice core, marine and lake sediment records and find, unlike ice-cores, glacier dynamics, marine and lake sediments, no suggestion of a pre-industrial cooling trend in the tree-ring records. To understand why the tree-ring proxies lack a significant pre-industrial cooling, we divide the dendro data by location (high NH latitudes vs. mid latitudes), seasonal response (annual vs. summer), detrending method, and temperature sensitivity (high vs. low). We conclude the ability to detect any pre-industrial, millennial-long cooling in the tree-ring proxies does not increase with latitude, seasonal sensitivity, or detrending method. Consequently, caution is advised when using multi-proxy approaches to reconstruct long-term temperature changes.

scholarly journals History of desert dust deposition recorded in the Elbrus ice core

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Kutuzov ◽  
Michel Legrand ◽  
Suzanne Preunkert ◽  
Patrick Ginot ◽  
Vladimir Mikhalenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Decadal Variability ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dust Sources ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
History Of

Abstract. Ice cores are one of the most valuable paleo-archives. Records from the ice cores can provide information not only about the amount of dust in the atmosphere but also about dust sources and its changes in the past. A 182 m long ice core has been recovered at the western plateau of Mt. Elbrus (5115 m elevation) in 2009. This record was extended with the shallow ice core drilling in 2013. Here we present analysis of the concentrations of Ca2+, a commonly used proxy of dust, recorded in Elbrus ice core over the period 1774–2013. The calcium record reveals a quasi decadal variability with a general increasing trend. Using multiple regression analysis we found a statistically significant spatial correlation of the Elbrus Ca2+ summer concentrations and precipitation and soil moisture content in Levant region (specifically Syria and Iraq). The Ca2+ record also correlates with drought index in North Africa (r = 0.69 p 

scholarly journals 1000 year ice-core records from Berkner Island, Antarctica

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Mulvaney ◽  
Hans Oerter ◽  
David A. Peel ◽  
Wolfgang Graf ◽  
Carol Arrowsmith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decadal Variability ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Aerosol Deposition ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
The Past ◽  
Annual Layer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Field Season

AbstractTwo medium-depth ice cores were retrieved from Berkner Island by a joint project between the Alfred-Wegener-Institut and the British Antarctic Survey in the 1994/95 field season. A 151m deep core from the northern dome (Reinwarthhöhe) of Berkner Island spans 700 years, while a 181 m deep core from the southern dome (Thyssenhöhe) spans approximately 1200 years. Both cores display clear seasonal cycles in electrical conductivity measurements, allowing dating by annual-layer counting and the calculation of accumulation profiles. Stable-isotope measurements (both δ18O and δD), together with the accumulation data, allow us to estimate changes in climate for most of the past millennium: the data show multi-decadal variability around a generally stable long-termmean. In addition, a full suite of major chemistry measurements is available to define the history of aerosol deposition at these sites: again, there is little evidence that the chemistry of the sites has changed over the past six centuries. Finally, we suggest that the southern dome, with an ice thickness of 950 m, is an ideal site from which to gain a climate history of the late stages of the last glacial and the deglaciation for comparison with the records from the deep Antarctic ice cores, and with other intermediate-depth cores such as Taylor Dome and Siple Dome.

The Psychology of Consumerism in Business and Marketing

2015 ◽  
pp. 1845-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Tran
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Branding Strategy ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Branding ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

In the past decade or so, various models have emerged concerning the study of culture and marketing in regards to consumerism, of which Geert Hofstede's dimensional model of national culture has been applied to various areas of global branding and advertising, and the underlying theories of consumer behavior. Hofstede's model has been used to explain differences regarding the concepts of self, personality and identity, which in turn explain variations in branding strategy and communications. Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to address the psychology of consumerism in business and marketing from the macro and micro behaviors of Hofstede's cultural consumers. The chapter emphasizes Hofstede's fifth cultural dimension, long-term versus short-term orientation regarding marketing. In so doing, both macro and micro paradigms on the psychology of consumers' behaviors will be covered in relation to marketing, as well as a brief history of marketing and the marketing field.

10 Be and 14 C in the Earth system

1987 ◽  
Vol 323 (1569) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Solar Modulation ◽  
Isotope Production ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Ocean Sediment

In a very short period of time, 10 Be data have significantly improved our knowledge in various fields of Earth and planetary sciences. Examples are: (a) solar modulation of isotope production, revealed in 10 Be ice-core profiles; (b)geomagnetic m odulation of isotope production, revealed in 10 Be ice-core (from the past 10 ka) and ocean-sediment profiles (geomagnetic reversals); (c) climatic effects reflected in 10 Be profiles in loess and polar ice cores ( 10 Be behaviour in atmosphere); (d) comparison of 10 Be and 14 C variations (tree rings) from carbon-cycle models and inform ation on ocean circulation history from 14 C m easurements on benthic and planktonic Foram inifera in ocean sediments. An overview on work in collaboration with the Zurich AMS facility (with Professor W. Wolfli) is given.

scholarly journals Atmospheric CO2, CH4 and N2O records over the past 60 000 years based on the comparison of different polar ice cores

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 202-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Stauffer ◽  
Jacqueline Flückiger ◽  
Eric Monnin ◽  
Jakob Schwander ◽  
Jean-Marc Barnola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
Glacial Epoch ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

AbstractAnalyses of air extracted from polar ice cores are the most straightforward method of reconstructing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and their variations for past climatic epochs. These measurements show that the concentration of the three most important greenhouse gases (other than water vapour) CO2, CH4 and N2O have steadily increased during the past 250 years due to anthropogenic activities (Prather and others, 2001; Prentice and others, 2001). Ice-core results also provided the first evidence of a substantial increase in the concentration of the three gases during the transition from the last glacial epoch to the Holocene (Raynaud and others, 1993). However, results from different cores are not always in agreement concerning details and small, short-term variations. the composition of the air enclosed in bubbles can be slightly changed by fractionation during the enclosure process, by chemical reactions and/or biological activity in the ice and by fractionation during the air extraction. We compile here several records with short-term variations or anomalies and discuss possible causes, taking into account improved analytical techniques and new results.

scholarly journals The Elbrus (Caucasus, Russia) ice core record – Part 2: history of desert dust deposition

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 14133-14148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Kutuzov ◽  
Michel Legrand ◽  
Susanne Preunkert ◽  
Patrick Ginot ◽  
Vladimir Mikhalenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Decadal Variability ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ice Core Record ◽  
History Of

Abstract. Ice cores are one of the most valuable paleo-archives. Records from ice cores provide information not only about the amount of dust in the atmosphere, but also about dust sources and their changes in the past. In 2009, a 182 m long ice core was recovered from the western plateau of Mt Elbrus (5115 m a.s.l.). This record was further extended after a shallow ice core was drilled in 2013. Here we analyse Ca2+ concentrations, a commonly used proxy of dust, recorded in these Elbrus ice records over the time period of 1774–2013 CE. The Ca2+ record reveals quasi-decadal variability with a generally increasing trend. Using multiple regression analysis, we found a statistically significant spatial correlation of the Elbrus Ca2+ summer concentrations with precipitation and soil moisture content in the Levant region (specifically Syria and Iraq). The Ca2+ record also correlates with drought indices in North Africa (r=0.67, p<0.001) and Middle East regions (r=0.71, p<0.001). Dust concentrations prominently increase in the ice core over the past 200 years, confirming that the recent droughts in the Fertile Crescent (1998–2012 CE) present the most severe aridity experienced in at least the past two centuries. For the most recent 33 years recorded (1979–2012 CE), significant correlations exist between Ca2+ and Pacific circulation indices (Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Southern Oscillation Index and Niño 4), which suggests that the increased frequency of extreme El Niño and La Niña events due to a warming climate has extended their influence to the Middle East. Evidence demonstrates that the increase in Ca2+ concentration in the ice core cannot be attributed to human activities, such as coal combustion and cement production.

Databases in MS research: pitfalls and promises

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 206-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G Weinshenker
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Patient Information ◽  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

A database is an organized repository of data. Prospective collection of patient information in a database (`databasing') has been attempted by a few consortia of MS investigators over the past 10 years. This approach promises to facilitate epidemiologic research in MS and investigation of the natural history of the disease and how it might be altered by long-term treatments such as interferon beta. Databasing has some advantages over clinical trials in assessing new therapies, primarily because the focus is on long-term effectiveness in an entire population rather than short-term statistical significance in a highly selected population. The limitations of databasing and strategies to overcome these limitations are addressed.

Holocene Climate Variability in Antarctica Based on 11 Ice-Core Isotopic Records

2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Masson ◽  
Françoise Vimeux ◽  
Jean Jouzel ◽  
Vin Morgan ◽  
Marc Delmotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Trend ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Isotopic Records

A comparison is made of the Holocene records obtained from water isotope measurements along 11 ice cores from coastal and central sites in east Antarctica (Vostok, Dome B, Plateau Remote, Komsomolskaia, Dome C, Taylor Dome, Dominion Range, D47, KM105, and Law Dome) and west Antarctica (Byrd), with temporal resolution from 20 to 50 yr. The long-term trends possibly reflect local ice sheet elevation fluctuations superimposed on common climatic fluctuations. All the records confirm the widespread Antarctic early Holocene optimum between 11,500 and 9000 yr; in the Ross Sea sector, a secondary optimum is identified between 7000 and 5000 yr, whereas all eastern Antarctic sites show a late optimum between 6000 and 3000 yr. Superimposed on the long time trend, all the records exhibit 9 aperiodic millennial-scale oscillations. Climatic optima show a reduced pacing between warm events (typically 800 yr), whereas cooler periods are associated with less-frequent warm events (pacing >1200 yr).

scholarly journals Structural change without trust: Reform cycles in Hungary and Slovakia

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Győrffy
Keyword(s):  
Transition Process ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Maastricht Criteria ◽  
High Level ◽  
Special Circumstances

The recent admission of Slovakia into the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) stands in sharp contrast with the considerable difficulties faced by Hungary with the fulfilment of the Maastricht criteria. This is a puzzling development for two reasons: first, during the early phase of the transition process Hungary was ahead of Slovakia, and second, the high level of political polarisation and general public disillusionment are shared characteristics of the two countries and not conducive to reforms in either case. In order to address these contradictions a theoretical framework is developed examining the conditions of structural reforms in a low-trust environment, where promises about long-term benefits for short-term costs are not believed. After the identification of three potential factors — perception of crisis, emergence of credible reformers, elite consensus — that can help to overcome the gap in credibility, the theoretical framework is applied to the transition history of the two countries. It is shown that while in the past decade all three factors had been present in Slovakia, the former success of Hungary strongly contributed to the absence of such special circumstances. The continued divergence of the two countries, however, cannot be taken for granted as in both cases reform cycles rather than sustainable progress can be observed. In order to ensure sustainability the difficult tasks of consensus- and trust-building cannot be avoided.

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