Electronic switching for trunk systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 289 (1356) ◽  
pp. 79-91
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Program Control ◽  
Telecommunication Service ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
Local Systems ◽  
Electronic Switching ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Services

The past decade has seen the worldwide introduction of electronic switching with stored program control. Initially the application of this new technology was in local exchanges but today electronic systems are being introduced into trunk systems as well. One of the latest applications is No. 4 E.S.S., a very large trunk switch. This system, in combination with local systems such as No. 1 E.S.S. and new signalling arrangements, offers major innovations in telecommunication service. The introduction of stored program electronic switching at the local level in the Bell System has led to literally hundreds of new services and features being made available and many more being developed or planned. With stored program control and new signalling arrangements in the connecting trunk systems, the door is opened to both extending the local services and introducing totally new services. These trends are discussed along with examples of possible services. Finally, the effects on development, manufacture, administration, and the customer are reviewed.

The Undergraduate Marketing Research Course: Two Decades of Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 027347532096050
Author(s):  
Eileen Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Customer Data ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
The Past ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Marketing Data ◽  
Observational Techniques

This article looks back over the past two decades to describe how teaching of undergraduate marketing research has (or has not) changed. Sweeping changes in technology and society have certainly affected how marketing research is designed and implemented—but how has this affected teaching of this important topic? Although the purpose of marketing research is still to better understand target customer needs, the tools are different now: customer data are typically collected using technology-based interfaces in place of such instruments as mailed, telephone, or in-person surveys. Observational techniques collect more data electronically rather than requiring a human recorder. Similarly, sampling has changed: sample frames are no longer widely used. Many of these changes are not yet fully discussed in marketing research courses. On the other hand, there is increasing interest in and availability of courses and programs in marketing data analytics, which teach specialized skills related to analysis and interpretation of electronic databases. Perhaps even more importantly, new technology-based tools permit greater automation of data collection and analysis, and presentation of findings. A critical gap is identified in this article; specifically, effort is needed to better integrate the perspectives of data collection and data analysis given current research conditions.

scholarly journals Assessing the Prospects of Transboundary Multihazard Dynamics: The Case of Bhotekoshi—Sunkoshi Watershed in Sino—Nepal Border Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3670
Author(s):  
Suraj Lamichhane ◽  
Komal Raj Aryal ◽  
Rocky Talchabhadel ◽  
Bhesh Raj Thapa ◽  
Rabindra Adhikari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Multiple Hazards ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transboundary Watersheds ◽  
Underlying Causes

The impacts of multihazards have become more pronounced over the past few decades globally. Multiple hazards and their cascading impacts claim enormous losses of lives, livelihoods, and built environment. This paradigm prompts integrated and multidisciplinary perspectives to identify, characterize, and assess the occurrence of multihazards and subsequently design countermeasures considering impending multihazard scenarios at the local level. To this end, we considered one of the most egregious transboundary watersheds, which is regarded as a multihazard hotspot of Nepal, to analyze the underlying causes and cascade scenarios of multihazards, and their associated impacts. In this paper, geophysical, hydrometeorological, and socioeconomic perspectives are formulated to characterize the watershed from the dimension of susceptibility to multihazard occurrence. To characterize the complex dynamics of transboundary multihazard occurrence, insights have been presented from both the Nepali and the Chinese sides. Individual case studies and the interrelation matrix between various natural hazards are also presented so as to depict multihazard consequences in the transboundary region. The sum of the observations highlights that the watershed is highly vulnerable to a single as well as multiple natural hazards that often switch to disasters.

International responses to weather modification

1975 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Brown Weiss
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
New Technology ◽  
International Community ◽  
Weather Modification ◽  
Weather System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Do So

In the past few decades we have been improving our understanding of the weather system and exploring ways to modify it. Over sixty countries have experimented with modifying the weather. The new technology of weather and climate modification will raise important political problems which will demand new responses from the international community. Whether states will be able to establish the cooperative measures necessary to develop and manage new technology depends upon whether there are sufficient incentives to do so. This article analyzes the historical patterns of international cooperation in meteorology, and then plots against several time horizons projected developments and capabilities in weather modification technology and the potential problems emerging from using the technology. It derives a tentative picture of the responsibilities demanded, compares the likely responses with those needed, and assesses whether they will be adequate for the problems projected.

scholarly journals Analysis of Japanese newspaper articles on genetic modification

2008 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. A02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuma Shineha ◽  
Aiko Hibino ◽  
Kazuto Kato
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Current Mass ◽  
Newspaper Articles

The rapid spread of technologies involving the application of “Genetic Modification (GM)” raised the need for science communication on this new technology in society. To consider the communication on GM in the society, an understanding of the current mass media is required. This paper shows the whole picture of newspaper discourses on GM in Japan. For the Japanese public, newspapers represent one of the major sources of information on GM. We subjected the two Japanese newspapers with the largest circulation, the Asahi Shimbun and Yomiuri Shimbun, to an analysis of the full text of approximately 4000 articles on GM published over the past to perform an assessment of the change of reportage on GM. As for the most important results, our analysis shows that there are two significant shifts with respect to the major topics addressed in articles on GM by Japanese newspapers.

scholarly journals Material’s Perception Strategy in Terms of Adaptive Re-use Within the Computational, and Parametricism Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Sarah Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Projective Limit ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Physical Domain ◽  
Defining Moment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structural Plan ◽  
Set Up

Creativity has been assigned to the design or drawing, with materials most often being specified as a result of design rather than being considered a driver of it. Designers empowered by new technology now consider form as it is defined by identifiable systems. This evidence based, parametric methodology is a response to two decades of digitally-derived projects, often produced simply for their novelty. The best work results when the architect has combined respect for the old with a skilled progressive command of the new. Material culture is portrayed as the physical confirmation and articulation of a culture in its relics and design. In the time that we comprehend the thought of material culture not just as having importance for investigations of the past. yet in addition getting a projective limit. we may now be at a critical defining moment.. As computation starts to significantly change our origination of the material, so in architecture this will defy the set up connection between the procedures of design and the physical fabrication of the constructed medium . Obviously, computation was brought into design & architecture the greater part a century back. furthermore, expanding digitization has since plagued all parts of the field . As though, it has remained emphatically impacted by the theoretical isolation of the procedures of design and making that has overwhelmed structural plan thinking since the Renaissance, and it is just now that creators are starting to deal with the computational void as never again disconnecting from the physical domain.

scholarly journals Negotiating Roles and Routines in Collaborative Investigative Journalism

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Konow-Lund
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Investigative Journalism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Tax Haven ◽  
The Guardian ◽  
Traditional Understanding ◽  
Media Company

Over the past two decades, the practice of investigative journalism has been reconstructed via the rise of journalistic networks around the world that have layered collaboration atop what had long been an individual pursuit. Among the recent successes of collaborative investigative journalism was the cross-border effort to expose the tax haven leaks that included the Panama Papers (2016). Due to such notable accomplishments, research on cross-border collaboration is increasing, but the ways in which this pooling of resources, time, and networks has impacted practice on a daily basis remain under-investigated. This article looks at how organizations and actors in emerging and legacy newsrooms are negotiating their routines and roles while developing new practices in investigative journalism. It uses three organizations as cases: Bristol Cable, a journalistic co-op operating at the community/local level; the Bureau Local, a local/national data-coordinating news desk; and <em>The Guardian</em>, a legacy media company that has long operated at the national/global level. This article finds that, in the transitions of traditional organizations and journalists and the emergence of new innovative organizations and non-journalistic actors, actors involved in collaborative investigative journalism deploy a language of justification regarding rules between the new and the old. It also finds that concepts such as coordination are part of this negotiation, and that knowledge and knowledge generation are taking place within a traditional understanding of journalism, as the “new” is normalized over time.

Background and Foreground: Getting Things in Context

1987 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Knight
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Information Retrieval ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
The World ◽  
Exact Reproduction ◽  
The 1960S

Historians generally grumble at the liberties taken with letters and papers by editors and biographers in the past, while reviewers may complain at the professorial pomposities which interfere with the reader's interaction with the text. Certainly, reading is not a mere matter of information retrieval or of source-mining, but a meeting of minds, and any over-zealous editing which makes this more difficult will have failed. Editors, whether of journals or of documents, are midwives of ideas—self-effacingly bringing an author's meaning and style into the world. What reviewers praise is the unobtrusive, and what they damn is ‘a manner at once slapdash and intrusive’, making allowances perhaps for an ‘introduction which is as admirable as his footnotes are useless’. When in the 1960s new technology brought us a flood of facsimile reprints of scientific works, some avoided these problems by appearing naked and unashamed: but for a text on phrenology, or for Goethe's Theory of Colours, a fig leaf or two of commentary is really necessary to help the innocent reader to interact with the book. Facsimiles of nineteenth-century editions of Wilkins' papers, of some Newton correspondence, or of Henry More's poetry are even more problematic; the reader should know that these editors' assumptions cannot be taken for granted, and that their introductions are themselves historical documents. The exact reproduction of misprints and misbindings (giving pages out of order and misnumbered) is of dubious assistance to the modern reader.

Adenocarcinoma in Barrett Mucosa Treated by Endoscopic Mucosal Resection

2009 ◽  
Vol 133 (11) ◽  
pp. 1793-1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry D. Appelman
Keyword(s):  
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection ◽  
Genetic Test ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Muscularis Mucosae ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mucosal Resection ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Microscopic Interpretation

Abstract Adenocarcinoma and dysplasias are recognized complications of Barrett mucosa. In the past, the treatment for this carcinoma was esophagectomy. However, new techniques, including endoscopic mucosal resection, sometimes replace esophagectomy and are becoming standard procedures in clinical practice, not just in major medical centers. Pathologists must learn to handle these specimens, which have extensive artifacts. Also, Barrett mucosa has duplicated stromal layers beneath the mucosa that include a new lamina propria and a new muscularis mucosae. We must be aware of these peculiarities because of staging implications. Regardless of new technology, the diagnostic approach to dysplasia depends on the light microscopic interpretation, which is not as reliable or consistent as one would wish. Hopefully, better diagnostic criteria will arise, and perhaps a new histologic stain or a molecular or genetic test will emerge that complements “our eyeballs.”

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