scholarly journals Population-dependent effects of ocean acidification

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1828) ◽  
pp. 20160163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah L. Wood ◽  
Kristina Sundell ◽  
Bethanie Carney Almroth ◽  
Helén Nilsson Sköld ◽  
Susanne P. Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Idotea Balthica ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Levels

Elevated carbon dioxide levels and the resultant ocean acidification (OA) are changing the abiotic conditions of the oceans at a greater rate than ever before and placing pressure on marine species. Understanding the response of marine fauna to this change is critical for understanding the effects of OA. Population-level variation in OA tolerance is highly relevant and important in the determination of ecosystem resilience and persistence, but has received little focus to date. In this study, whether OA has the same biological consequences in high-salinity-acclimated population versus a low-salinity-acclimated population of the same species was investigated in the marine isopod Idotea balthica. The populations were found to have physiologically different responses to OA. While survival rate was similar between the two study populations at a future CO 2 level of 1000 ppm, and both populations showed increased oxidative stress, the metabolic rate and osmoregulatory activity differed significantly between the two populations. The results of this study demonstrate that the physiological response to OA of populations from different salinities can vary. Population-level variation and the environment provenance of individuals used in OA experiments should be taken into account for the evaluation and prediction of climate change effects.

scholarly journals The challenges of detecting and attributing ocean acidification impacts on marine ecosystems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve S Doo ◽  
Andrea Kealoha ◽  
Andreas Andersson ◽  
Anne L Cohen ◽  
Tacey L Hicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Natural Environments

Abstract A substantial body of research now exists demonstrating sensitivities of marine organisms to ocean acidification (OA) in laboratory settings. However, corresponding in situ observations of marine species or ecosystem changes that can be unequivocally attributed to anthropogenic OA are limited. Challenges remain in detecting and attributing OA effects in nature, in part because multiple environmental changes are co-occurring with OA, all of which have the potential to influence marine ecosystem responses. Furthermore, the change in ocean pH since the industrial revolution is small relative to the natural variability within many systems, making it difficult to detect, and in some cases, has yet to cross physiological thresholds. The small number of studies that clearly document OA impacts in nature cannot be interpreted as a lack of larger-scale attributable impacts at the present time or in the future but highlights the need for innovative research approaches and analyses. We summarize the general findings in four relatively well-studied marine groups (seagrasses, pteropods, oysters, and coral reefs) and integrate overarching themes to highlight the challenges involved in detecting and attributing the effects of OA in natural environments. We then discuss four potential strategies to better evaluate and attribute OA impacts on species and ecosystems. First, we highlight the need for work quantifying the anthropogenic input of CO2 in coastal and open-ocean waters to understand how this increase in CO2 interacts with other physical and chemical factors to drive organismal conditions. Second, understanding OA-induced changes in population-level demography, potentially increased sensitivities in certain life stages, and how these effects scale to ecosystem-level processes (e.g. community metabolism) will improve our ability to attribute impacts to OA among co-varying parameters. Third, there is a great need to understand the potential modulation of OA impacts through the interplay of ecology and evolution (eco–evo dynamics). Lastly, further research efforts designed to detect, quantify, and project the effects of OA on marine organisms and ecosystems utilizing a comparative approach with long-term data sets will also provide critical information for informing the management of marine ecosystems.

scholarly journals Does segregating variation in sexual or microhabitat preferences lead to non-random mating within a population of Drosophila melanogaster ?

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad R. Foley ◽  
Anne Genissel ◽  
Harmon L. Kristy ◽  
Sergey V. Nuzhdin
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Group Preference ◽  
Female Genotype ◽  
Microhabitat Preferences

Variation in female choice for mates has implications for the maintenance of genetic variation and the evolution of male traits. Yet, estimates of population-level variation in male mating success owing to female genotype are rare. Here, we used a panel of recombinant inbred lines to estimate the strength of selection at many genetic loci in a single generation and attempt to assess differences between females with respect to the males they mated with. We performed selection assays in a complex environment to allow differences in habitat or social group preference to be expressed. We detected directional selection at loci across the genome, but are unable to provide support for differential male success because of variation in female genotype.

scholarly journals Transcribed enhancers in the human brain identify novel disease risk mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Dong ◽  
Gabriel E. Hoffman ◽  
Pasha Apontes ◽  
Jaroslav Bendl ◽  
Samir Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Functional Interpretation ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Cell Type Specific

Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) constitute an important tissue- and cell-type-specific layer of the regulome. Identification of risk variants for neuropsychiatric diseases within enhancers underscores the importance of understanding the population-level variation of eRNAs in the human brain. We jointly analyzed cell type-specific transcriptome and regulome data to identify 30,795 neuronal and 23,265 non-neuronal eRNAs, expanding the catalog of known human brain eRNAs by an order of magnitude. Examination of the population-level variation of the transcriptome and regulome in 1,382 brain samples identified reproducible changes affecting cis- and trans-co-regulation of eRNA-gene modules in schizophrenia. We show that 13% of schizophrenia heritability is jointly mediated in cis by brain gene and eRNA expression. Inclusion of eRNAs in transcriptome-wide association studies facilitated fine-mapping and functional interpretation of disease loci. Overall, our study characterizes the eRNA-gene regulome and genetic mechanisms in the human cortex in both healthy and disease states.

scholarly journals Shell mineralogy of a foundational marine species, Mytilus californianus, over half a century in a changing ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. e2004769118
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Bullard ◽  
Ivan Torres ◽  
Tianqi Ren ◽  
Olivia A. Graeve ◽  
Kaustuv Roy
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Mytilus Californianus ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Time Periods

Anthropogenic warming and ocean acidification are predicted to negatively affect marine calcifiers. While negative effects of these stressors on physiology and shell calcification have been documented in many species, their effects on shell mineralogical composition remains poorly known, especially over longer time periods. Here, we quantify changes in the shell mineralogy of a foundation species, Mytilus californianus, under 60 y of ocean warming and acidification. Using historical data as a baseline and a resampling of present-day populations, we document a substantial increase in shell calcite and decrease in aragonite. These results indicate that ocean pH and saturation state, not temperature or salinity, play a strong role in mediating the shell mineralogy of this species and reveal long-term changes in this trait under ocean acidification.

Candidate reference method for determination of vitamin D from dried blood spot samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 817-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosita Zakaria ◽  
Katrina J. Allen ◽  
Jennifer J. Koplin ◽  
Peter Roche ◽  
Ronda F. Greaves
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dried Blood Spot ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Blood Spot

AbstractBackgroundThe current millennium has seen an explosion in vitamin D testing with the overarching aim of requests to clinically stratify patients as replete or deficient in vitamin D. At a population level, dried blood spot (DBS) sampling offers a less invasive and more practical application for assessment of vitamin D status. We have therefore aimed to develop a sensitive and robust DBS vitamin D method that is traceable to serum for use in population-based studies.MethodsBlood spots, calibrators and controls were prepared by punching a 3.2 mm DBS from filter paper and placed into a 96-well micro-plate. The DBS disk was eluted with a combination of water-methanol and internal standard (ISTD) solution followed by supported-liquid extraction and derivatisation. The extract was analysed by liquid-chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry in positive electrospray-ionisation mode with 732.5 > 673.4 and 738.4 > 679.4 m/z ion-transitions for derivatised vitamin D and the ISTD, respectively. Vitamin D results were made traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology reference material through the inclusion of Chromsystems vitamin D calibrators.Results25-Hydroxy-vitamin D3 and its related ISTD were detected at a retention time of 7 min. The seven-point calibration-curve consistently demonstrated a coefficient of determination of 0.99 with an experimentally determined reportable range of 0.5–376 nmol/L. Method validation studies using DBS samples demonstrated 12.9% between-assay imprecision at 45 nmol/L, 84% average recovery and high correlation with plasma vitamin D (correlation coefficient = 0.86).ConclusionsWe have successfully developed an analytical method for vitamin D quantitation from DBSs which will be applied to our population-based vitamin D research study. This approach improves traceability of DBS results and potentially could be used broadly for other DBS measurands that require comparison to serum/plasma for their interpretation.

scholarly journals Near-future levels of ocean acidification do not affect sperm motility and fertilization kinetics in the oyster <i>Crassostrea gigas</i>

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3009-3015 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Havenhand ◽  
P. Schlegel
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Power Analysis ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sperm Swimming Speed ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Fertilization Kinetics

Abstract. An increasing number of studies are now reporting the effects of ocean acidification on a broad range of marine species, processes and systems. Many of these are investigating the sensitive early life-history stages that several major reviews have highlighted as being potentially most susceptible to ocean acidification. Nonetheless there remain few investigations of the effects of ocean acidification on the very earliest, and critical, process of fertilization, and still fewer that have investigated levels of ocean acidification relevant for the coming century. Here we report the effects of near-future levels of ocean acidification (≈−0.35 pH unit change) on sperm swimming speed, sperm motility, and fertilization kinetics in a population of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from western Sweden. We found no significant effect of ocean acidification – a result that was well-supported by power analysis. Similar findings from Japan suggest that this may be a globally robust result, and we emphasise the need for experiments on multiple populations from throughout a species' range. We also discuss the importance of sound experimental design and power analysis in meaningful interpretation of non-significant results.

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