scholarly journals The humerus of Eusthenopteron : a puzzling organization presaging the establishment of tetrapod limb bone marrow

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1782) ◽  
pp. 20140299 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sanchez ◽  
P. Tafforeau ◽  
P. E. Ahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Bone Elongation ◽  
Synchrotron Microtomography ◽  
Stem Cell Niches

Because of its close relationship to tetrapods, Eusthenopteron is an important taxon for understanding the establishment of the tetrapod body plan. Notably, it is one of the earliest sarcopterygians in which the humerus of the pectoral fin skeleton is preserved. The microanatomical and histological organization of this humerus provides important data for understanding the evolutionary steps that built up the distinctive architecture of tetrapod limb bones. Previous histological studies showed that Eusthenopteron 's long-bone organization was established through typical tetrapod ossification modalities. Based on a three-dimensional reconstruction of the inner microstructure of Eusthenopteron 's humerus, obtained from propagation phase-contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography, we are now able to show that, despite ossification mechanisms and growth patterns similar to those of tetrapods, it also retains plesiomorphic characters such as a large medullary cavity, partly resulting from the perichondral ossification around a large cartilaginous bud as in actinopterygians. It also exhibits a distinctive tubular organization of bone-marrow processes. The connection between these processes and epiphyseal structures highlights their close functional relationship, suggesting that either bone marrow played a crucial role in the long-bone elongation processes or that trabecular bone resulting from the erosion of hypertrophied cartilage created a microenvironment for haematopoietic stem cell niches.

scholarly journals Feasibility of three-dimensional reconstruction and automated measurement of fetal long bones using 5D Long Bone

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyewon Hur ◽  
Young Han Kim ◽  
Hee Young Cho ◽  
Yong Won Park ◽  
Hye-Sung Won ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Automated Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

Bone-marrow haematopoietic-stem-cell niches

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Wilson ◽  
Andreas Trumpp
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Niches

scholarly journals Features of Blood Supply to the Bones of the Lower Leg in the Ankle Joint Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
I. Yu. Oliinyk ◽  
◽  
O. V. Tsyhykalo ◽  
O. A. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Distal Metaphysis ◽  
Nutrient Foramina ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Upper Third

The purpose of the study was to investigate the topography of permeable (nutrition) arteries in the lower third of leg during human ontogenesis. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on 30 specimens of human prefetuses and fetuses aged 3-9 months of prenatal development; 28 bone specimens of adult tibia and fibula and 27 series of computerized tomography scans of lower extremities of adults aged 21-72 were used. We have used a complex of methods for morphological research: anthropometry, morphometry, macromicroscopy, injections of blood vessels of X-ray contrasting mixtures, three-dimensional reconstruction and statistical analysis. Results and discussion. Cartilage osteogenesis occurs in the prefetal period of prenatal human development, in which blood vessels play a crucial morphofunctional role. During endochondral ossification of the tibia, the vessels of the bone cuff grow into the diaphysis of the cartilaginous model of the bone and osteogenic cells go beyond their limits. In the third trimester of prenatal development, blood vessels grow into the epiphyseal part of the cartilaginous model and an epiphyseal centre of ossification forms. Between the epiphysis and diaphysis centers of ossification, a metaphysical growth plate forms that develops intraosseous anastomosis between the diaphyseal and metaphysical blood vessels. In the metaphysis region, there are extra-skeletal anastomoses. Often, the insertion of nutrition arteries into the bone of the tibia is usually the middle third of bones (55%) and distal metaphysis (37%). In 10%, there were nutrition foramina in the upper third of the tibia. Three-dimensional reconstruction also clearly shows a more extensive and developed network of vessels in the bone marrow canal in metaphysical regions. In the middle third of the tibia and fibula, 1-3 nutrient foramina can be traced on most specimens. On the fibular, in addition to the posterior-medial localization of the nutrient arteries, there were variants with a "high" (above the metaphysis) placement of the entrance of the vessel into the bone substance. Conclusion. The most common places where arteries enter the bones of the lower leg are the middle third of the bones (55%) and the distal metaphysis (37%). In 10%, there were nutrient foramina in the upper third of the tibia. The three-dimensional reconstruction also clearly shows a more extensive and developed network of vessels in the bone marrow canal in metaphysical regions. During the postnatal period, we most often encountered the localization of nutritional arteries on the anterior-lateral surface of the tibia (23%), or their combination – the presence of both nutrient arteries on the posterior and medial bone surfaces (18.3%)

scholarly journals New light shed on the early evolution of limb-bone growth plate and bone marrow

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Estefa ◽  
Paul Tafforeau ◽  
Alice M Clement ◽  
Jozef Klembara ◽  
Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones

The production of blood cells (haematopoiesis) occurs in the limb bones of most tetrapods but is absent in the fin bones of ray-finned fish. When did long bones start producing blood cells? Recent hypotheses suggested that haematopoiesis migrated into long bones prior to the water-to-land transition and protected newly-produced blood cells from harsher environmental conditions. However, little fossil evidence to support these hypotheses has been provided so far. Observations of the humeral microarchitecture of stem-tetrapods, batrachians, and amniotes were performed using classical sectioning and three-dimensional synchrotron virtual histology. They show that Permian tetrapods seem to be among the first to exhibit a centralised marrow organisation, which allows haematopoiesis as in extant amniotes. Not only does our study demonstrate that long-bone haematopoiesis was probably not an exaptation to the water-to-land transition but it sheds light on the early evolution of limb-bone development and the sequence of bone-marrow functional acquisitions.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of Shark Vertebrae: A technique with applications to age and growth studies

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 923 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Clement ◽  
RA Officer ◽  
E Dykes
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Initial Shape ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Vertebral Centra ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Three Dimensional Coordinate ◽  
Realistic Images ◽  
Coordinate Data

Shark vertebral centra show no histological evidence of resorption at any time in the animals' life. Deorganification of centra always reveals a large, residual, stable, three-dimensional skeleton. In contrast, the mineralized parts of other organs (e.g. claspers and jaws) crumble into their individual mineralized subunits, the tesserae, upon deorganification. In both cases, only appositional growth of cartilage on the pre-existing mineralized template is possible. The basic 'double-cone' shape of the vertebrae facilitates increases in body length simultaneously with an accompanying increase in girth. Once the initial shape of the mineralized portion of a vertebral centrum is fully established and hence can be described, then relatively simple mathematical models might be devised to predict future growth patterns. To advance this hypothesis, it has first been necessary to develop a method that can accurately record the sizes and shapes of complex three-dimensional anatomical structures. This paper describes a technique that is capable not only of recording and measuring the size and shape of shark vertebrae but also of predicting their subsequent growth. Furthermore, the technique enables reproduction of three-dimensional coloured and shaded stereoscopic images of vertebral structures, facilitating a better understanding of their intricate morphology. Three-dimensional coordinate data gathered from any shark vertebra can be manipulated mathematically to model future vertebral growth. Producing realistic images of vertebrae transformed in this way may allow the exploration of possibly unrealized taxonomic affinities.

scholarly journals Intravenously Injected Pluripotent Stem Cell–derived Cells Form Fetomaternal Vasculature and Prevent Miscarriage in Mouse

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 096368972097045
Author(s):  
Atsushi Daimon ◽  
Hirofumi Morihara ◽  
Kiichiro Tomoda ◽  
Natsuko Morita ◽  
Yoshinori Koishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Recurrent Miscarriage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy, and about 1% of pregnant women suffer a recurrence. Using a widely used mouse miscarriage model, we previously showed that intravenous injection of bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may prevent miscarriage. However, preparing enough BM-derived EPCs to treat a patient might be problematic. Here, we demonstrated the generation of mouse pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), propagation of sufficient PSC-derived cells with endothelial potential (PSC-EPs), and intravenous injection of the PSC-EPs into the mouse miscarriage model. We found that the injection prevented miscarriage. Three-dimensional reconstruction images of the decidua after tissue cleaning revealed robust fetomaternal neovascularization induced by the PSC-EP injection. Additionally, the injected PSC-EPs directly formed spiral arteries. These findings suggest that intravenous injection of PSC-EPs could become a promising remedy for recurrent miscarriage.

scholarly journals Development of cyclic shedding teeth from semi-shedding teeth: the inner dental arcade of the stem osteichthyan Lophosteus

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 161084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donglei Chen ◽  
Henning Blom ◽  
Sophie Sanchez ◽  
Paul Tafforeau ◽  
Tiiu Märss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Dental Lamina ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Dental Arcade ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tooth Buds ◽  
Synchrotron Microtomography

The numerous cushion-shaped tooth-bearing plates attributed to the stem group osteichthyan Lophosteus superbus , which are argued here to represent an early form of the osteichthyan inner dental arcade, display a previously unknown and presumably primitive mode of tooth shedding by basal hard tissue resorption. They carry regularly spaced, recumbent, gently recurved teeth arranged in transverse tooth files that diverge towards the lingual margin of the cushion. Three-dimensional reconstruction from propagation phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography (PPC-SRµCT) reveals remnants of the first-generation teeth embedded in the basal plate, a feature never previously observed in any taxon. These teeth were shed by semi-basal resorption with the periphery of their bases retained as dentine rings. The rings are highly overlapped, which evidences tooth shedding prior to adding the next first-generation tooth at the growing edge of the plate. The first generation of teeth is thus diachronous. Successor teeth at the same sites underwent cyclical replacing and shedding through basal resorption, producing stacks of buried resorption surfaces separated by bone of attachment. The number and spatial arrangement of resorption surfaces elucidates that basal resorption of replacement teeth had taken place at the older tooth sites before the addition of the youngest first-generation teeth at the lingual margin. Thus, the replacement tooth buds cannot have been generated by a single permanent dental lamina at the lingual edge of the tooth cushion, but must have arisen either from successional dental laminae associated with the individual predecessor teeth, or directly from the dental epithelium of these teeth. The virtual histological dissection of these Late Silurian microfossils broadens our understanding of the development of the gnathostome dental systems and the acquisition of the osteichthyan-type of tooth replacement.

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