scholarly journals Cost of reproduction in the Queensland fruit fly: Y-model versus lethal protein hypothesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1749) ◽  
pp. 4893-4900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin G. Fanson ◽  
Kerry V. Fanson ◽  
Phillip W. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Differential Allocation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Protein Ingestion ◽  
Model Versus ◽  
Allocation Strategies

The trade-off between lifespan and reproduction is commonly explained by differential allocation of limited resources. Recent research has shown that the ratio of protein to carbohydrate (P : C) of a fly's diet mediates the lifespan–reproduction trade-off, with higher P : C diets increasing egg production but decreasing lifespan. To test whether this P : C effect is because of changing allocation strategies (Y-model hypothesis) or detrimental effects of protein ingestion on lifespan (lethal protein hypothesis), we measured lifespan and egg production in Queensland fruit flies varying in reproductive status (mated, virgin and sterilized females, virgin males) that were fed one of 18 diets varying in protein and carbohydrate amounts. The Y-model predicts that for sterilized females and for males, which require little protein for reproduction, there will be no effect of P : C ratio on lifespan; the lethal protein hypothesis predicts that the effect of P : C ratio should be similar in all groups. In support of the lethal protein hypothesis, and counter to the Y-model, the P : C ratio of the ingested diets had similar effects for all groups. We conclude that the trade-off between lifespan and reproduction is mediated by the detrimental side-effects of protein ingestion on lifespan.

scholarly journals Is maternal thyroid hormone deposition subject to a trade-off between self and egg because of iodine? An experimental study in rock pigeon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Sarraude ◽  
Bin-Yan Hsu ◽  
Suvi Ruuskanen ◽  
Ton Groothuis
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Hormone Exposure ◽  
Maternal Thyroid ◽  
Early Developmental

Maternal hormones constitute a key signalling pathway for mothers to shape offspring phenotype and fitness. Thyroid hormones (THs; triiodothyronine, T3 and thyroxine, T4) are metabolic hormones known to play crucial roles in embryonic development and survival in all vertebrates. During early developmental stages, embryos exclusively rely on the exposure to maternal THs, and maternal hypothyroidism can cause severe embryonic maldevelopment. The TH molecule includes iodine, an element that cannot be synthesised by the organism. Therefore, TH production may become costly when environmental iodine availability is low. This may yield a trade-off for breeding females between allocating the hormones to self or to their eggs, potentially to the extent that it even influences the number of laid eggs. In this study, we investigated whether low dietary iodine may limit TH production and transfer to the eggs in a captive population of Rock pigeons (Columba livia). We provided breeding females with an iodine-restricted (I- diet) or iodine-supplemented diet (I+ diet) and measured the resulting circulating and yolk iodine and TH concentrations and the number of eggs laid. Our iodine-restricted diet successfully decreased both circulating and yolk iodine concentrations compared to the supplemented diet, but not circulating or yolk THs. This indicates that mothers may not be able to independently regulate hormone exposure for self and their embryos. However, egg production was clearly reduced in the I- group, with fewer females laying eggs. This result shows that restricted availability of iodine does induce a cost in terms of egg production. Whether females reduced egg production to preserve THs for themselves or to prevent embryos from exposure to low iodine and/or THs is as yet unclear.

THE SHAPE OF THE TRADE-OFF FUNCTION BETWEEN EGG PRODUCTION AND LIFE SPAN IN THE PARASITOID ASOBARA TABIDA

2000 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacintha Ellers ◽  
Gerard Driessen ◽  
Jan G. Sevenster
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Asobara Tabida

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rearing Parameters of a Self-Limiting Strain of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 663
Author(s):  
Rachid Elaini ◽  
Romisa Asadi ◽  
Neil Naish ◽  
Martha Koukidou ◽  
Mazih Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Female Specific

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, is a significant pest of stone and pome fruit that causes considerable economic losses worldwide. Current control is primarily based on insecticides, which are often mixed with protein baits. Oxitec has developed a self-limiting medfly strain (OX3864A) that demonstrates conditional female-specific mortality in the early life stages. Sustained release of OX3864A males offers medfly control, which should lead to substantial economic benefits in area-wide programmes. In the current study, the optimum quantities of mature and immature stages of the strain are assessed under semi-mass production. Moreover, the rearing and quality control limitations related to the production of this strain are provided. The data here demonstrate that the egg hatch rate can reach >85% under optimum rearing conditions. However, this depends on the number of pupae loaded in a cage and their ages. The suggested pupal density ranges between 14,000 and 18,000 pupae per cage to provide optimum egg production. In parallel, the embryo densities of 1.25–1.5 mL/kg larval Tet+ diet are recommended for strain propagation, while embryo densities of 1.25–2.0 mL/kg larval Tet− diet are suggested for male-only pupal production.

scholarly journals Females prefer the calls of better fathers in a Neotropical frog with biparental care

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A Pettitt ◽  
Godfrey R Bourne ◽  
Mark A Bee
Keyword(s):  
Paternal Care ◽  
Biparental Care ◽  
Offspring Survival ◽  
Differential Allocation ◽  
Secondary Sexual Traits ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Good Parent ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
Male Care ◽  
Sexual Traits

Abstract Male secondary sexual traits potentially function as indicators of direct or indirect fitness benefits to females. Direct benefits, such as paternal care, may be especially important to females in species with biparental care. In an experimental field study of the golden rocket frog (Anomaloglossus beebei), a Neotropical species with biparental care, we tested predictions from four hypotheses proposed to explain the evolutionary relationship between male secondary sexual traits and paternal care quality (the “good parent,” “differential allocation,” “trade-off,” and “essential male care” hypotheses). We examined: 1) the influence of paternal care on offspring survival, 2) the relationships between male calls and paternal care, maternal care, and opportunities for males to acquire multiple mates, and 3) female preferences for three acoustic properties of male advertisement calls. Our results reveal that paternal care positively impacts offspring survival, that males producing longer calls also provide higher-quality paternal care in the form of greater egg attendance and territory defense, and that females prefer longer calls. Females did not discriminate among potential mates based on differences in dominant frequency or call rate. These findings, which suggest male advertisement calls are indicators of potential direct benefits to females in the form of paternal care, are consistent with the good parent hypothesis and inconsistent with the trade-off, differential allocation, and essential male care hypotheses.

Secondary sexual characters, energy use, senescence, and the cost of reproduction in sockeye salmon

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1663-1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P Hendry ◽  
Ole K Berg
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Bristol Bay ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characters ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Secondary Sexual

Reproductive development and energy stores were characterized for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) maturing in the wild (Pick Creek, Bristol Bay, Alaska). Between freshwater entry and the start of spawning, ovaries increased in mass by 87.1% and secondary sexual characters increased in linear dimension by 13.0-47.4%. Between the start of spawning and death, secondary sexual characters decreased in relative size by 3.3-12.7%. Mass-specific somatic energy declined from freshwater entry (6.7% fat, 20.6% protein, 6.6 kJ·g-1) to the start of spawning (1.6% fat, 18.0% protein, 4.5 kJ·g-1) and finally to death (0.1% fat, 14.4% protein, 2.9 kJ·g-1). Stored fat appeared to be used primarily for upriver migration and egg production, whereas stored protein appeared to be used primarily for the development of secondary sexual characters and metabolism during spawning. Most development of secondary sexual characters occurred late in maturation, perhaps to forestall deterioration of muscle tissue. Relative to populations with long freshwater migrations, Bristol Bay sockeye salmon stored less fat before entering fresh water and used less fat before death. The total energy cost of reproduction (freshwater entry until death, including gonad investment) was 74.1% for females and 66.1% for males, higher than levels typically reported for iteroparous salmonids.

Visual analog scale (VAS) and time trade-off (TTO) preferences for side effects (SE) of chemoradiation (chemoXRT): A comparison of patients (pts) and caregivers (CG).

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9056-9056
Author(s):  
D. C. Bodurka ◽  
A. Jhingran ◽  
L. M. Ramondetta ◽  
P. J. Eifel ◽  
C. H. Crane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Trade Off

Energy allocation during the maturation of adults in a long-lived insect: implications for dispersal and reproduction

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. David ◽  
B. Giffard ◽  
I. van Halder ◽  
D. Piou ◽  
H. Jactel
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Capital Breeder ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Reproduction Process ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Investment In Reproduction

AbstractEnergy allocation strategies have been widely documented in insects and were formalized in the context of the reproduction process by the terms ‘capital breeder’ and ‘income breeder’. We propose here the extension of this framework to dispersal ability, with the concepts of ‘capital disperser’ and ‘income disperser’, and explore the trade-off in resource allocation between dispersal and reproduction. We hypothesized that flight capacity was sex-dependent, due to a trade-off in energy allocation between dispersal and egg production in females. We used Monochamus galloprovincialis as model organism, a long-lived beetle which is the European vector of the pine wood nematode. We estimated the flight capacity with a flight mill and used the number of mature eggs as a proxy for the investment in reproduction. We used the ratio between dry weights of the thorax and the abdomen to investigate the trade-off. The probability of flying increased with the adult weight at emergence, but was not dependent on insect age or sex. Flight distance increased with age in individuals but did not differ between sexes. It was also positively associated with energy allocation to thorax reserves, which increased with age. In females, the abdomen weight and the number of eggs also increase with age with no negative effect on flight capacity, indicating a lack of trade-off. This long-lived beetle has a complex strategy of energy allocation, being a ‘capital disperser’ in terms of flight ability, an ‘income disperser’ in terms of flight performance and an ‘income breeder’ in terms of egg production.

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