scholarly journals Long-term differences in extinction risk among the seven forms of rarity

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1749) ◽  
pp. 4969-4976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Harnik ◽  
Carl Simpson ◽  
Jonathan L. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Global Database ◽  
The Past ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Habitat Breadth

Rarity is widely used to predict the vulnerability of species to extinction. Species can be rare in markedly different ways, but the relative impacts of these different forms of rarity on extinction risk are poorly known and cannot be determined through observations of species that are not yet extinct. The fossil record provides a valuable archive with which we can directly determine which aspects of rarity lead to the greatest risk. Previous palaeontological analyses confirm that rarity is associated with extinction risk, but the relative contributions of different types of rarity to extinction risk remain unknown because their impacts have never been examined simultaneously. Here, we analyse a global database of fossil marine animals spanning the past 500 million years, examining differential extinction with respect to multiple rarity types within each geological stage. We observe systematic differences in extinction risk over time among marine genera classified according to their rarity. Geographic range played a primary role in determining extinction, and habitat breadth a secondary role, whereas local abundance had little effect. These results suggest that current reductions in geographic range size will lead to pronounced increases in long-term extinction risk even if local populations are relatively large at present.

scholarly journals The effects of geographic range size and abundance on extinction during a time of “sluggish”’ evolution

Paleobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Casey ◽  
Erin E. Saupe ◽  
Bruce S. Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Late Paleozoic ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Habitat Tracking

Abstract Geographic range size and abundance are important determinants of extinction risk in fossil and extant taxa. However, the relationship between these variables and extinction risk has not been tested extensively during evolutionarily “quiescent” times of low extinction and speciation in the fossil record. Here we examine the influence of geographic range size and abundance on extinction risk during the late Paleozoic (Mississippian–Permian), a time of “sluggish” evolution when global rates of origination and extinction were roughly half those of other Paleozoic intervals. Analyses used spatiotemporal occurrences for 164 brachiopod species from the North American midcontinent. We found abundance to be a better predictor of extinction risk than measures of geographic range size. Moreover, species exhibited reductions in abundance before their extinction but did not display contractions in geographic range size. The weak relationship between geographic range size and extinction in this time and place may reflect the relative preponderance of larger-ranged taxa combined with the physiographic conditions of the region that allowed for easy habitat tracking that dampened both extinction and speciation. These conditions led to a prolonged period (19–25 Myr) during which standard macroevolutionary rules did not apply.

scholarly journals The language of mental images: Characterizing hippocampal contributions to imageable word use during event construction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Race ◽  
Camille Carlisle ◽  
Ruchi Tejwani ◽  
Mieke Verfaellie
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Word Use ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Imageable Word

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that the hippocampus plays a critical role in the creative and flexible use of language. For example, amnesic patients with hippocampal damage produce less coherent and cohesive verbal discourse when constructing narratives about the past, present, and future. A recent study by Hilverman and colleagues (2017) found that amnesic patients with hippocampal damage also use less imageable words during narrative construction compared to healthy controls. These results suggest that in addition to supporting language use at the discourse level, the hippocampus also influences the quality of language at the single word level. However, the generalizability of these results to different types of language production tasks and the relationship to patients’ broader impairments in episodic memory have yet to be examined. In the current study, we investigated whether amnesic patients with hippocampal damage produce less imageable words compared to healthy controls in two different types of language production tasks. In Experiment 1, participants constructed narratives about events depicted in visually presented pictures (picture narratives). In Experiment 2, participants constructed verbal narratives about remembered events from the past or simulated events in the future (past/future narratives). Across all types of narratives, patients produced words that were rated as having similar levels of imageability compared to controls. Importantly, this was the case both in patients’ picture narratives, which did not require generating details from long-term memory and were matched to controls’ with respect to narrative content, and in patients’ narratives about past/future events, which required generating details from long-term memory and which were reduced in narrative content compared to those of controls. These results reveal that the hippocampus is not necessary for the use of imageable representations at the linguistic level, and that hippocampal contributions to imageable word use are independent of hippocampal contributions to episodic memory.

The Presence of Legionellae in Respiratory Devices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Nutting
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Term Care ◽  
The Past ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Jet Nebulizers ◽  
Respiratory Devices ◽  
Made In

Legionella is a bacterium found naturally in moist environments. Persons can become infected when they inhale airborne droplets of water containing such bacteria. Legionellosis cases associated with the use of respiratory devices such as Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) units, jet nebulizers, portable room humidifiers, and respiratory ventilation equipment have been identified in context of a Legionellosis outbreak. However, a systematic search for the presence of Legionella bacteria in respiratory devices outside of a Legionellosis outbreak has not been reported. The goal of this study was to carry out such a survey on different types of respiratory devices in long term care facilities. Twenty-four respiratory devices including 9 CPAP, 4 BIPAPs, 5 oxygen humidifiers, and 6 ventilators were included in this study. A total of 72 sampling swabs were obtained for the testing of Legionella bacteria inside the respiratory devices. Culture and PCR tests for Legionella pneumophelia were made in tandem. No legionella pneumophelia bacteria were found in any of the respiratory devices sampled. Although there have been reports in the past of potential legionellosis cases associated with the use of respiratory devices, our data suggest that there are probably no legionella bacteria present inside respiratory devices separate of a Legionellosis outbreak.

Habitat breadth and geographic range predict diversity dynamics in marine Mesozoic bivalves

Paleobiology ◽  
10.1666/12047 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Nürnberg ◽  
Martin Aberhan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Habitat Breadth ◽  
Diversity Dynamics

Numerous environmental and intrinsic biotic factors have been sought to explain patterns in diversity and turnover. Using taxonomically vetted and sampling-standardized data sets of more than 50,000 taxonomic occurrences in the Paleobiology Database (PaleoDB) we tested whether habitat breadth predicts genus durations and diversity dynamics of marine Mesozoic bivalves, and whether this effect is independent of the well-known positive relationship between geographic range and longevity. We defined the habitat breadth of a genus as a function of its realized ranges in water depth, substrate type, and grain size of the substrate. Our analysis showed that mean values of extinction and origination rates are significantly higher for narrowly adapted genera compared to broadly adapted genera, with differences being evident in all analyzed stratigraphic intervals. Linear models showed that both geographic range and habitat breadth have an independent effect on genus durations and on diversity dynamics. These results reaffirm the role of geographic range and furthermore suggest that habitat breadth is an equally important key predictor of extinction risk and origination probability in Mesozoic marine bivalves. Habitat generalists, regardless of their geographic range, are generally less prone to extinction. Conversely, widely distributed genera that are more specialized may be more endangered than one would expect from their geographic range alone. Extinction rates tend to be higher for specialized genera in both background and mass extinctions, suggesting that wide habitat breadth universally buffers against extinction. The trajectories of origination rates through time differ from those of extinction rates. Whereas there is no pronounced ecological selectivity in origination in the Triassic and most of the Jurassic, Cretaceous origination rates are higher for specialized genera. This may best be explained by diversity-dependence. When diversity levels reach a critical point a further increase in diversity is achieved by elevated origination rates of more specialized forms.

scholarly journals Geographic range size and extinction risk assessment in nomadic species

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 865-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire A. Runge ◽  
Ayesha Tulloch ◽  
Edd Hammill ◽  
Hugh P. Possingham ◽  
Richard A. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
Extinction Risk Assessment

Nostalgic neighborhood belongings: Theorizing the interrelationship among nostalgias, belongings and neighborhood changes

2021 ◽  
pp. 003802612110294
Author(s):  
Clément Colin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Environments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The One ◽  
Depth Interviews

Depending on one’s socio-territorial contexts, age, and time spent residing in the same place, the spatial-temporal experience of belonging is lived differently. Within this framework, this article looks at perspectives of neighborhood belonging in long-term residents aged 65 years and older. Based on the narratives of 51 people from three neighborhoods of Valparaíso, Chile, who participated in the 2019 workshops and/or in-depth interviews, I identify different types of nostalgic senses of belonging; and examine the social and spatial conditions that influence their formation. From this empirical research, I argue that these belongings are based on daily practices that refer to the past neighborhood and that, at the same time, are embodied in their current materialities. The results show, on the one hand, the role of nostalgia in the formation of a belonging, from the past to the present; and, on the other, the influence of place in these experiences. From the above, this article contributes to the conceptualization of the material dimension of nostalgic belongings and their interrelationships among nostalgias, belongings, and changes in social and physical environments.

Body size, sampling completeness, and extinction risk in the marine fossil record

Paleobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan L. Payne ◽  
Noel A. Heim
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
The Body ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Size Bias ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges

AbstractLarger body size has long been assumed to correlate with greater risk of extinction, helping to shape body-size distributions across the tree of life, but a lack of comprehensive size data for fossil taxa has left this hypothesis untested for most higher taxa across the vast majority of evolutionary time. Here we assess the relationship between body size and extinction using a data set comprising the body sizes, stratigraphic ranges, and occurrence patterns of 9408 genera of fossil marine animals spanning eight Linnaean classes across the past 485 Myr. We find that preferential extinction of smaller-bodied genera within classes is substantially more common than expected due to chance and that there is little evidence for preferential extinction of larger-bodied genera. Using a capture–mark–recapture analysis, we find that this size bias of extinction persists even after accounting for a pervasive bias against the sampling of smaller-bodied genera within classes. The size bias in extinction also persists after including geographic range as an additional predictor of extinction, indicating that correlation between body size and geographic range does not provide a simple explanation for the association between size and extinction. Regardless of the underlying causes, the preferential extinction of smaller-bodied genera across many higher taxa and most of geologic time indicates that the selective loss of large-bodied animals is the exception, rather than the rule, in the evolution of marine animals.

Greenhouse biogeography: the relationship of geographic range to invasion and extinction in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway

Paleobiology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne E. Myers ◽  
Richard A. MacKenzie ◽  
Bruce S. Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Range ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Western Interior Seaway ◽  
Invasion Potential ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway

Significant warming of Earth's climate in the near term seems increasingly likely. If significant enough, this climatic regime could, in the long term, come to resemble previous greenhouse intervals in earth history. Consequently, analysis of the fossil record during periods of extreme warmth may provide important lessons for species biology, including biogeography, in a much warmer world. To explore this issue, we analyzed the biogeographic response of 63 molluscan species to the long-term global warmth in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (WIS) of North America, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to quantitatively measure changes in range size and distribution throughout this interval. We specifically considered the role that geographic range size played in mediating extinction resistance and invasion potential of these WIS species. We found no relationship between geographic range size and survivorship. However, endemic species with small range sizes were more likely to become invasive. Finally, mollusks did not experience a poleward shift in range out of the tropics during this warm regime. To the extent that these patterns are representative, and the WIS and taxa considered constitute a reasonable ancient analogue to a warmer future world, these results suggest that some biogeographic “rules” may not prevail under greenhouse conditions of long-term, equable warmth. They also suggest that other factors beyond geographic range size, including distinctive niche characteristics, may play quite important roles in species survival and invasion potential. This potentially complicates predictions regarding the future responses of extant species to long-term warming.

scholarly journals Dimensions of invasiveness: Links between local abundance, geographic range size, and habitat breadth in Europe’s alien and native floras

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (22) ◽  
pp. e2021173118
Author(s):  
Trevor S. Fristoe ◽  
Milan Chytrý ◽  
Wayne Dawson ◽  
Franz Essl ◽  
Ruben Heleno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Species Distributions ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Species Introduction ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
Local Abundance ◽  
Habitat Breadth

Understanding drivers of success for alien species can inform on potential future invasions. Recent conceptual advances highlight that species may achieve invasiveness via performance along at least three distinct dimensions: 1) local abundance, 2) geographic range size, and 3) habitat breadth in naturalized distributions. Associations among these dimensions and the factors that determine success in each have yet to be assessed at large geographic scales. Here, we combine data from over one million vegetation plots covering the extent of Europe and its habitat diversity with databases on species’ distributions, traits, and historical origins to provide a comprehensive assessment of invasiveness dimensions for the European alien seed plant flora. Invasiveness dimensions are linked in alien distributions, leading to a continuum from overall poor invaders to super invaders—abundant, widespread aliens that invade diverse habitats. This pattern echoes relationships among analogous dimensions measured for native European species. Success along invasiveness dimensions was associated with details of alien species’ introduction histories: earlier introduction dates were positively associated with all three dimensions, and consistent with theory-based expectations, species originating from other continents, particularly acquisitive growth strategists, were among the most successful invaders in Europe. Despite general correlations among invasiveness dimensions, we identified habitats and traits associated with atypical patterns of success in only one or two dimensions—for example, the role of disturbed habitats in facilitating widespread specialists. We conclude that considering invasiveness within a multidimensional framework can provide insights into invasion processes while also informing general understanding of the dynamics of species distributions.

scholarly journals Delays in Initial Referral, Diagnosis and Treatment in Children with Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbasali Hosein Pourfeizi ◽  
Rana Hosseini ◽  
Roghayeh Sheervaliloo ◽  
Sahar Mehranfar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adequate Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Causes Of Delays

Background: Cancer has been one of the most critical health problems during the past decades which require serious consideration, especially in developing countries. Methods: 80 parents of the children with different types of cancers were studied via both questionnaire and person-to-person interview after announcing their informed consent. Results: The highest delay in patients' initial referral was due to the following factors: lack of attention or ignoring the first symptoms, delay in referring to the physician, low economic status and even lack of family support for the patient. In addition, visiting several doctors after the initial diagnosis, uncertainty about the first proposed method, and high cost of treatment can be mentioned as the main causes of delays in the start of treatment. Conclusion: Education plays an important role in identifying the signs of cancer. In addition, proper relationship and cooperation between the health system and physicians as well as provision of adequate information to patients could lead to the long-term cooperation of these patients in continuing their treatment.

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