scholarly journals Effects of exposure to pile-driving sounds on the lake sturgeon, Nile tilapia and hogchoker

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1748) ◽  
pp. 4705-4714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele B. Halvorsen ◽  
Brandon M. Casper ◽  
Frazer Matthews ◽  
Thomas J. Carlson ◽  
Arthur N. Popper
Keyword(s):  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Lake Sturgeon ◽  
Pile Driving ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Wave Tube ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Exposure Levels

Pile-driving and other impulsive sound sources have the potential to injure or kill fishes. One mechanism that produces injuries is the rapid motion of the walls of the swim bladder as it repeatedly contacts nearby tissues. To further understand the involvement of the swim bladder in tissue damage, a specially designed wave tube was used to expose three species to pile-driving sounds. Species included lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens )—with an open (physostomous) swim bladder, Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )—with a closed (physoclistous) swim bladder and the hogchoker ( Trinectes maculatus )—a flatfish without a swim bladder. There were no visible injuries in any of the exposed hogchokers, whereas a variety of injuries were observed in the lake sturgeon and Nile tilapia. At the loudest cumulative and single-strike sound exposure levels (SEL cum and SEL ss respectively), the Nile tilapia had the highest total injuries and the most severe injuries per fish. As exposure levels decreased, the number and severity of injuries were more similar between the two species. These results suggest that the presence and type of swim bladder correlated with injury at higher sound levels, while the extent of injury at lower sound levels was similar for both kinds of swim bladders.

Measurement and Prediction of Sound Exposure Levels by University Wind Bands

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Chesky
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Wind Bands ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this study was to determine sound exposure levels generated in two college wind bands. Dosimeter data from a large sample of ensemble-based instructional activities (n = 43) was collected over time and processed to assess associations with predictor variables that may be relevant to this context, including indicators of time spend at various intensity levels, maximum and peak sound levels, degree of variability of sound levels over time, and the percentage of time playing music. The mean dose per event for the entire sample was 109.5% and ranged from 53.8% to 166.9%. Results of linear regression analysis revealed that regressors accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in dose (F = 128.42, p < 0.000) and a statistically significant and very large (96% variance accounted for) contribution to the prediction of dose. Findings implicate the critical role of the instructor and teaching pedagogy.

Prediction and Monitoring of Underwater Sound Levels from the Implosion of a Reinforced Concrete Bridge Pier

2017 ◽  
Vol 2628 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Paul R. Donavan ◽  
James Reyff ◽  
Carrie Janello
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Underwater Sound ◽  
Surface Reflection ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Bridge ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Peak Pressures

After the completion of the new east span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in California, large concrete piers of the old span needed to be demolished. To consider using controlled blasting for this action, hydroacoustic levels were predicted and monitored with regard to specified fish and marine mammal criteria. The metrics included peak pressure and sound exposure levels at distances from 25 to more than 4,000 ft from the pier. For peak pressure, the measured levels were slightly higher than estimated, although for sound exposure levels, the measured levels were somewhat lower than estimated because of the effect of surface reflection. A blast attenuation system consisting of a wide bubble stream was used to minimize the hydroacoustic levels in the water surrounding the pier. The implosion event consisted of 588 individual charge detonations ranging from 35 to 21 lb (15.9 to 9.5 kg/delay) spaced 9 ms apart. Although there were 135 individual detonations of the larger 35-lb charges, the highest peak pressures varied in level by 10 to 15 dB during the course of the implosion. The methods for predicting the levels, measured results, analysis of data, and performance of the blast attenuation system are reviewed.

scholarly journals Simulated seal scarer sounds scare porpoises, but not seals: species-specific responses to 12 kHz deterrence sounds

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 170286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lonnie Mikkelsen ◽  
Line Hermannsen ◽  
Kristian Beedholm ◽  
Peter Teglberg Madsen ◽  
Jakob Tougaard
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Harbour Seals ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Avoidance Reactions

Acoustic harassment devices (AHD) or ‘seal scarers’ are used extensively, not only to deter seals from fisheries, but also as mitigation tools to deter marine mammals from potentially harmful sound sources, such as offshore pile driving. To test the effectiveness of AHDs, we conducted two studies with similar experimental set-ups on two key species: harbour porpoises and harbour seals. We exposed animals to 500 ms tone bursts at 12 kHz simulating that of an AHD (Lofitech), but with reduced output levels (source peak-to-peak level of 165 dB re 1 µPa). Animals were localized with a theodolite before, during and after sound exposures. In total, 12 sound exposures were conducted to porpoises and 13 exposures to seals. Porpoises were found to exhibit avoidance reactions out to ranges of 525 m from the sound source. Contrary to this, seal observations increased during sound exposure within 100 m of the loudspeaker. We thereby demonstrate that porpoises and seals respond very differently to AHD sounds. This has important implications for application of AHDs in multi-species habitats, as sound levels required to deter less sensitive species (seals) can lead to excessive and unwanted large deterrence ranges on more sensitive species (porpoises).

Sound Levels in Classrooms and Effects on Self-Reported Mood among School Children

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1289-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pär Lundquist ◽  
Kjell Holmberg ◽  
Lage Burström ◽  
Ulf Landström
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Sound Environment ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Lower Background

The principle of this field study is an investigation of recorded sound levels in 24 classrooms and relations between sound level measures and aspects of children's rated annoyance, task orientation, and inattentiveness. The background sound-exposure levels were distributed within the interval of 33–42 dB(A)eq and the activity sound level exposure ranged between 47–68 dB(A)eq. The recorded levels must be considered as high for work environments where steady concentration and undisturbed communication is essential. Results do not support the hypothesis that lower background-sound level and fewer students per class would improve the sound environment by generating a lower activity noise or the hypothesis that higher sound levels should increase annoyance and inattentiveness as well as deteriorate task orientation ratings.

Sound Exposure Levels Experienced by University Wind Band Members

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Jennifer Stewart Walter
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Wind Band ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Noise Induced Hearing Loss ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
University Setting

The purpose of this study was 1) to examine the sound exposure of wind band members in a university setting during a week of typical rehearsals and 2) to assess whether that exposure changes depending on subjects' location within the rehearsal space. Because excessive sound exposure has a cumulative effect on the ear that can eventually lead to noise-induced hearing loss, it is important to determine whether university musicians are at risk. A 100% dose of sound is the maximum daily exposure recommended by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for preventing noise-induced hearing loss. Twenty-four of 46 subjects (52%) experienced one or more rehearsals with sound levels high enough to produce >100% doses, and 17 subjects experienced a mean daily dose of sound in excess of 100% as compared to the NIOSH standards. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.

Aircraft noise-induced awakenings are more reasonably predicted from relative than from absolute sound exposure levels

2013 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 3645-3653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford Fidell ◽  
Barbara Tabachnick ◽  
Vincent Mestre ◽  
Linda Fidell
Keyword(s):  
Aircraft Noise ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Exposure Levels

Ground Attenuation Factor Based on Measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (3) ◽  
pp. 3436-3447
Author(s):  
Dan Lin ◽  
Andrew Eng
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Attenuation Factor ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Frequency Sound ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Noise Measurements ◽  
Field Sound

Assumptions made on the ground types between sound sources and receivers can significantly impact the accuracy of environmental outdoor noise prediction. A guideline is provided in ISO 9613-2 and the value of ground factor ranges from 0 to 1, depending on the coverage of porous ground. For example, a ground absorption factor of 1 is suggested for grass ground covers. However, it is unclear if the suggested values are validated. The purpose of this study is to determine the sound absorption of different types of ground by measurements. Field noise measurements were made using an omnidirectional loudspeaker and two microphones on three different types of ground in a quiet neighborhood. One microphone was located 3ft from the loudspeaker to record near field sound levels in 1/3 and 1 octave bands every second. The other microphone was located a few hundred feet away to record far field sound in the same fashion as the near field microphone. The types of ground tested were concrete, grass, and grass with trees. Based on the measurement data, it was found that grass and trees absorb high frequency sound well and a ground factor of 1 may be used for 500Hz and up when using ISO 9613-2 methodology. However, at lower frequencies (125 Hz octave band and below), grassy ground reflects sound the same as concrete surfaces. Trees absorb more low frequency sound than grass, but less than ISO 9613-2 suggested.

scholarly journals Acute inflammation and hematological response in Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with natural extracts of propolis and Aloe barbadensis

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dotta ◽  
J. Ledic-Neto ◽  
ELT. Gonçalves ◽  
A. Brum ◽  
M. Maraschin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Acute Inflammatory Response ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Aloe Barbadensis ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Number Of Cells

This study evaluated the acute inflammatory response induced by carrageenin in the swim bladder of Nile tilapia supplemented with the mixture of natural extracts of propolis and Aloe barbadensis (1:1) at a concentration of 0.5%, 1% and 2% in diet during 15 days. Thirty-six fish were distributed into four treatments with three replicates: fish supplemented with 0.5% of admix of extracts of propolis and Aloe (1:1) injected with 500 µg carrageenin; fish supplemented with 1% of admix of extracts of propolis and Aloe (1:1) injected with 500 µg carrageenin; fish supplemented with 2% of admix of extracts of propolis and Aloe (1:1), injected with 500 µg carrageenin and unsupplemented fish injected with 500 µg carrageenin. Six hours after injection, samples of blood and exudate from the swim bladder of fish were collected. It was observed an increase in the leukocyte count in the swim bladder exudate of fish supplemented with extracts of propolis and Aloe injected with carrageenin. The most frequent cells were macrophages followed by granular leukocytes, thrombocytes and lymphocytes. Supplementation with propolis and Aloe to 0.5% caused a significant increase in the number of cells on the inflammatory focus mainly macrophages, cells responsible for the phagocytic activity in tissues, agent of innate fish immune response.

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