scholarly journals Noise pollution alters ecological services: enhanced pollination and disrupted seed dispersal

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1739) ◽  
pp. 2727-2735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton D. Francis ◽  
Nathan J. Kleist ◽  
Catherine P. Ortega ◽  
Alexander Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ecological Services ◽  
Vegetation Surveys ◽  
Environmental Force

Noise pollution is a novel, widespread environmental force that has recently been shown to alter the behaviour and distribution of birds and other vertebrates, yet whether noise has cumulative, community-level consequences by changing critical ecological services is unknown. Herein, we examined the effects of noise pollution on pollination and seed dispersal and seedling establishment within a study system that isolated the effects of noise from confounding stimuli common to human-altered landscapes. Using observations, vegetation surveys and pollen transfer and seed removal experiments, we found that effects of noise pollution can reverberate through communities by disrupting or enhancing these ecological services. Specifically, noise pollution indirectly increased artificial flower pollination by hummingbirds, but altered the community of animals that prey upon and disperse Pinus edulis seeds, potentially explaining reduced P. edulis seedling recruitment in noisy areas. Despite evidence that some ecological services, such as pollination, may benefit indirectly owing to noise, declines in seedling recruitment for key-dominant species such as P. edulis may have dramatic long-term effects on ecosystem structure and diversity. Because the extent of noise pollution is growing, this study emphasizes that investigators should evaluate the ecological consequences of noise alongside other human-induced environmental changes that are reshaping human-altered landscapes worldwide.

Assessment of recent environmental changes in New Brunswick (Canada) lakes based on paleolimnological shifts in diatom species assemblages

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Anne Harris ◽  
Brian F. Cumming ◽  
John P. Smol
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Species Assemblages ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Diatom Species ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Recent Climate

New Brunswick lakes are subjected to multiple environmental stressors, such as atmospheric acid deposition and climate change. In the absence of long-term environmental data, the impacts of these stressors are not well understood. Long-term effects of environmental change on diatom species assemblages were assessed in the sediments of 16 New Brunswick lakes using paleolimnological approaches. A regional trend of increasing Cyclotella stelligera Cleve & Gunrow and decreasing Aulacoseira species complex was recorded in most lakes. Detailed paleolimnological analyses of Wolfe, Cundy, and West Long lakes revealed varying degrees of species change, with assemblage shifts beginning ca. 1900 CE (common era). These species trends are not consistent with acidification. However, linear regression of mean July temperature with time for two New Brunswick historical instrumental temperature records revealed statistically significant warming over the past century. The shift from heavily silicified tychoplanktonic Aulacoseira species to small planktonic diatom species, such as C. stelligera, is consistent with paleolimnological inferences of warming trends recorded in several other lake regions of the Northern Hemisphere. These assemblage shifts are likely due to recent climate change and may be mediated by reduced ice cover and (or) increased thermal stability (decreased lake mixing) during the open water period.

scholarly journals Spontaneous intake and long-term effects of essential oils after a negative postnatal experience in chicks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence A. Guilloteau ◽  
Anne Collin ◽  
Alexia Koch ◽  
Christine Leterrier
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Transportation Delay

AbstractThe postnatal period is critical for broiler chicks as they are exposed to, possibly stressful, environmental changes in the hatchery and during transportation to the rearing houses. The ability of broiler chicks to spontaneously drink essential oils (EO) to mitigate the effects of a negative postnatal experience was tested. Chicks were either immediately placed in the rearing facility (C group), or subjected to a 24h-delay period before their placement (D group), mimicking the possible transportation delay in commercial conditions.In experiment 1, each group had access to either water only or to water and one EO (cardamom, marjoram or verbena) from D1 to D13. The verbena EO intake was higher in the D group than in the C group from D1 to D6 and the cardamom EO intake was lower in the D group than in the C group from D6 to D13.In experiment 2, half of the groups had access to water only and the other half was offered water and the 3 EO simultaneously. The EO were not differently chosen by chicks between D and C groups except a lower cardamom EO intake was observed in the D group than in the C group from D6 to D12. The delayed placement of the D group reduced chicken growth until 34 days of age and temporarily increased the feed conversion ratio, but did not affect their welfare or the prevalence of health disorders. The EO intake did not allow the chicks in the D group to overcome the growth reduction, but did overcome the reduction in Pectoralis major muscle yield. In conclusion, chicks are able to make spontaneous choices regarding EO intake according to their postnatal experience when EO are presented individually, but in our experimental design, they were not when EO were simultaneously presented. The EO intake only partially mitigated the decrease in chicken performance after the negative postnatal experience.

Assessing productivity to address safety concerns for information technology and promoting global standardization within aviation practices

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Willie Lee Brown ◽  
Willie J. Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
System Development ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
Productivity Assessment

<p class="Els-1storder-head">Comparing these concepts with the usage of productivity assessment current design standards in implementing technological systems create concerns in safety performances [5]. The technology developmental risk was a concern in the Wright Brother era and the approach in implementing best solution practices based on simulating and testing standards to meet the goals in today’s operation is still an issue [4]. Effective modeling in promoting environmental changes for operational practices can present a risk concern in the developmental approach if productivity is not assessed [1]. Steps are needed to be taken to improve the environmental factors in the business efforts of promoting alternative energy; nonetheless, the long-term effects of not prioritizing the development standards on the global level may cause risk concerns in assessing aviation practice [1]. Realizing the sensitivity of the system development and the tradeoffs in implementing effective practices can also create awareness in the long-term efforts of environmental factors and its impact on operational cost improvements [10]. The ethical standards for human factors to improve the quality of people lives in addressing the challenges faced may be a concern going into the 21st century [7]. The tradeoffs of prioritizing can present both pros and cons; however, developmental practices are risky without modeling long-term impact and exploring different applications in adopting business practices [6]. Flexibility is an importance aspect in evaluating the productivity of long-term practices while using modern technology [6]. The productivity assessment impact in future implications and it influences to integrate traditional technology within the modern environment. </p><p> </p><p>Keywords: IT, aviation practices, promoting</p>

scholarly journals Holocene DNA sequences – a dream come true

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anushree Sanyal ◽  
Josefine Larsson ◽  
Falkje van Wirdum ◽  
Thomas Andrén ◽  
Matthias Moros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Marine Diatom ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Chaetoceros Muelleri ◽  
Resting Spores

AbstractMicroscopic marine planktons have played a major role in the Earth’s ecosystem and accounts for half the globe’s primary production. Predicting the fate of marine planktons is imperative to understanding how ocean life will change in future centuries and how organisms have adapted to changes in the past over long timescales (over thousands of years). Studies of revived resting spores of marine diatoms will serve as excellent proxies of environmental change in marine environments. Thus far, only about a century old marine diatom resting spores could be revived. This severely limited the use of diatom resting spores to investigate the effects of environmental perturbations over longer time scales. Here, we, for the first time report revival of thousands of years old resting spores from the deposits of ancient diatoms (Chaetoceros) in sub-seafloor sediments using a revival protocol that involved recreating the ancient environmental conditions (salinity, temperature and light). Our revived diatom resting spores samples range from recent (0-80 years) to ∼7200 years old. Importantly, we also extracted the DNA from the ancient resting spores of Chaetoceros species from the Baltic Sea. Our findings will enable us to compare DNA sequence data obtained from these natural archives of resurrected organisms and provide predictive models to forecast evolutionary responses of natural populations to environmental changes resulting from natural and anthropogenic stressors, including climate changeSignificance StatementOur results address the important topic of adaptive evolution in marine species due to climate and environmental change induced due to anthropogenic perturbations. We present a new model system Chaetoceros muelleri which will help us address important evolutionary and long-term adaptation questions across evolutionary timescales. Our study reports (1) the revival of recent (0-80 years) to ancient (7200 years old) resting spores of Chaetoceros (2) the extraction of DNA and amplification of chloroplast and ribosomal genes from recent and ancient (∼1300 years old) resting spores of Chaetoceros (3) Radiocarbon dating to determine age of sediments (4) Identification of species by reviving the resting spores (5) Baltic sea an excellent ecosystem to study long-term effects of environment on species adaptation

scholarly journals A case of long-term herbivory: specialized feeding trace on Parrotia (Hamamelidaceae) plant species

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 201449
Author(s):  
Benjamin Adroit ◽  
Xin Zhuang ◽  
Torsten Wappler ◽  
Jean-Frederic Terral ◽  
Bo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Fossil Leaves ◽  
Continuous Presence ◽  
Insect Interactions

Interactions between plants and insects evolved during millions of years of coevolution and maintain the trophic balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Documenting insect damage types (DT) on fossil leaves is essential for understanding the evolution of plant–insect interactions and for understanding the effects of major environmental changes on ecosystem structure. However, research focusing on palaeoherbivory is still sparse and only a tiny fraction of fossil leaf collections have been analysed. This study documents a type of insect damage found exclusively on the leaves of Parrotia species (Hamamelidaceae). This DT was identified on Parrotia leaves from Willershausen (Germany, Pliocene) and from Shanwang (China, Miocene) and on their respective endemic modern relatives: Parrotia perisca in the Hyrcanian forests (Iran) and Parrotia subaequalis in the Yixing forest (China). Our study demonstrates that this insect DT persisted over at least 15 Myr spanning eastern Asia to western Europe. Against expectations, more examples of this type of herbivory were identified on the fossil leaves than on the modern examples. This mismatch may suggest a decline of this specialized plant–insect interaction owing to the contraction of Parrotia populations in Eurasia during the late Cenozoic. However, the continuous presence of this DT demonstrates a robust and long-term plant–herbivore association, and provides new evidence for a shared biogeographic history of the two host plants.

scholarly journals The short and long-term implications of warming and increased sea water pCO2 on the physiological response of a temperate neogastropod species

2021 ◽  
Vol 169 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Loreto Mardones ◽  
Sven Thatje ◽  
Phillip B. Fenberg ◽  
Chris Hauton
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Short And Long Term

AbstractGlobal average temperatures and seawater pCO2 have rapidly increased due to the oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide producing severe consequences for a broad range of species. The impacts on marine ectotherms have been largely reported at short-term scales (i.e. from days to weeks); however, the prolonged effects on long-term processes such as reproduction have received little attention. The gastropod Ocenebra erinaceus is a key predator structuring communities on rocky shores of the French and UK coasts. Even though rocky shore species are regarded as being very tolerant to changes in temperature and pH, many of them are living near their upper tolerance limits, making them susceptible to rapid environmental changes. Here, we report that future mean seawater conditions (RCP8.5, + 3 °C and ~ 900 μatm CO2) do not significantly affect the physiology and molecular response of O. erinaceus adults after 132 days. During the first 50 days, there was a slight impact on oxygen consumption rates and body weight; however, after 95 days of exposure, gastropods fully acclimated to the experimental condition. Despite this, reproduction in females exposed to these future seawater conditions ceased after long-term exposure (~ 10 months). Therefore, in the short-term, O. erinaceus appear to be capable of full compensation; however, in the long-term, they fail to invest in reproduction. We conclude studies should be based on combined results from both short- and long-term effects, to present realistic projections of the ecological consequences of climate warming.

scholarly journals Long-term noise pollution affects seedling recruitment and community composition, with negative effects persisting after removal

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1948) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer N. Phillips ◽  
Sarah E. Termondt ◽  
Clinton D. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Noise Removal ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Vegetation Diversity ◽  
Long Term Study

Noise pollution can affect species' behaviours and distributions and may hold significant consequences for natural communities. While several studies have researched short-term effects of noise, no long-term research has examined whether observed patterns persist or if community recovery can occur. We used a long-term study system in New Mexico to examine the effects of continuous natural gas well noise exposure on seedling recruitment of foundational tree species ( Pinus edulis , Juniperus osteosperma ) and vegetation diversity. First, we examined seedling recruitment and vegetation diversity at plots where current noise levels have persisted for greater than 15 years. We then examined recruitment and diversity on plots where noise sources were recently removed or added. We found support for long-term negative effects of noise on tree seedling recruitment, evenness of woody plants and increasingly dissimilar vegetation communities with differences in noise levels. Furthermore, seedling recruitment and plant community composition did not recover following noise removal, possibly due in part to a lag in recovery among animals that disperse and pollinate plants. Our results add to the limited evidence that noise has cascading ecological effects. Moreover, these effects may be long lasting and noise removal may not lead to immediate recovery.

scholarly journals Low-intensity logging and hunting have long-term effects on seed dispersal but not fecundity in Afrotropical forests

AoB Plants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chase L Nuñez ◽  
James S Clark ◽  
Connie J Clark ◽  
John R Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Low Intensity

scholarly journals The short and long-term implications of warming and increased sea water pCO2  on the physiological response of a temperate neogastropod species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Loreto Mardones ◽  
Sven Thatje ◽  
Phillip Fenberg ◽  
Chris Hauton
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract Global average temperatures and sea water pCO2 have rapidly increased due to the oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide producing severe consequences for a broad range of species. The impacts on marine ectotherms have been largely reported at short-term scales (i.e. from days to weeks); however, the prolonged effects on long-term processes such as reproduction have received little attention. The gastropod Ocenebra erinaceus is a key predator structuring communities on rocky shores of the French and UK coasts. Even though rocky shore species are regarded as being very tolerant to changes in temperature and pH, many of them are living near their upper tolerance limits, making them susceptible to rapid environmental changes. Here, we report that future mean sea water conditions (RCP8.5, + 3°C and ~ 900 µatm CO2) do not significantly affect the physiology and molecular response of O. erinaceus adults after 132 days. During the first fifty-days, there was a slight impact on oxygen consumption rates and body weight; however, after ninety-five days of exposure, gastropods relied on food resources to fully acclimate to the experimental condition. Despite this, it was after long-term exposure (~ 10 months) reproduction ceased in females exposed to these future sea water conditions. Therefore, in the short-term O. erinaceus appear to be capable of full compensation; however, in the long-term, they fail to invest in reproduction. Future research should take into account the combined results from both, short- and long-term effects to improve our projections of the ecological consequences of climate change.

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