scholarly journals Asynchronous origins of ectomycorrhizal clades of Agaricales

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1735) ◽  
pp. 2003-2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ryberg ◽  
P. Brandon Matheny
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Nutritional Mode ◽  
Ecm Fungi ◽  
Rate Of Substitution ◽  
Rapid Radiations

The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is the most widespread biotrophic nutritional mode in mushroom-forming fungi. ECM fungi include, though are not limited to, about 5000 described species of Agaricales from numerous, independently evolved lineages. Two central hypotheses suggest different explanations for the origin of ECM fungal diversity: (i) dual origins, initially with the Pinaceae in the Jurassic and later with angiosperms during the Late Cretaceous, and (ii) a simultaneous and convergent radiation of ECM lineages in response to cooling climate during the Palaeogene and advancing temperate ECM plant communities. Neither of these hypotheses is supported here. While we demonstrate support for asynchronous origins of ECM Agaricales, the timing of such events appears to have occurred more recently than suggested by the first hypothesis, first during the Cretaceous and later during the Palaeogene. We are also unable to reject models of rate constancy, which suggests that the diversity of ECM Agaricales is not a consequence of convergent rapid radiations following evolutionary transitions from saprotrophic to ECM habits. ECM lineages of Agaricales differ not only in age, but also in rates of diversification and rate of substitution at nuclear ribosomal RNA loci. These results question the biological uniformity of the ECM guild.

scholarly journals Long-lasting modification of soil fungal diversity associated with the introduction of rabbits to a remote sub-Antarctic archipelago

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 20150408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Pansu ◽  
Richard C. Winkworth ◽  
Françoise Hennion ◽  
Ludovic Gielly ◽  
Pierre Taberlet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mammalian Herbivores ◽  
Introduced Herbivores ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Soil Fungal Diversity

During the late nineteenth century, Europeans introduced rabbits to many of the sub-Antarctic islands, environments that prior to this had been devoid of mammalian herbivores. The impacts of rabbits on indigenous ecosystems are well studied; notably, they cause dramatic changes in plant communities and promote soil erosion. However, the responses of fungal communities to such biotic disturbances remain unexplored. We used metabarcoding of soil extracellular DNA to assess the diversity of plant and fungal communities at sites on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands with contrasting histories of disturbance by rabbits. Our results suggest that on these islands, the simplification of plant communities and increased erosion resulting from the introduction of rabbits have driven compositional changes, including diversity reductions, in indigenous soil fungal communities. Moreover, there is no indication of recovery at sites from which rabbits were removed 20 years ago. These results imply that introduced herbivores have long-lasting and multifaceted effects on fungal biodiversity as well as highlight the low resiliency of sub-Antarctic ecosystems.

Whose truffle is this? Distribution patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in T uber melanosporum brûlés developed in multi-host Mediterranean plant communities

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2747-2761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Taschen ◽  
Mathieu Sauve ◽  
Adrien Taudiere ◽  
Javier Parlade ◽  
Marc-André Selosse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Mediterranean Plant

scholarly journals Site-Dependent Relationships Between Fungal Community Composition, Plant Genotypic Diversity and Environmental Drivers in a Salix Biomass System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Hoeber ◽  
Christel Baum ◽  
Martin Weih ◽  
Stefano Manzoni ◽  
Petra Fransson
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Plant Genotype ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Genotype Diversity ◽  
Ecm Fungi

Soil fungi are strongly affected by plant species or genotypes since plants modify their surrounding environment, but the effects of plant genotype diversity on fungal diversity and function have not been extensively studied. The interactive responses of fungal community composition to plant genotypic diversity and environmental drivers were investigated in Salix biomass systems, posing questions about: (1) How fungal diversity varies as a function of plant genotype diversity; (2) If plant genotype identity is a strong driver of fungal community composition also in plant mixtures; (3) How the fungal communities change through time (seasonally and interannually)?; and (4) Will the proportion of ECM fungi increase over the rotation? Soil samples were collected over 4 years, starting preplanting from two Salix field trials, including four genotypes with contrasting phenology and functional traits, and genotypes were grown in all possible combinations (four genotypes in Uppsala, Sweden, two in Rostock, Germany). Fungal communities were identified, using Pacific Biosciences sequencing of fungal ITS2 amplicons. We found some site-dependent relationships between fungal community composition and genotype or diversity level, and site accounted for the largest part of the variation in fungal community composition. Rostock had a more homogenous community structure, with significant effects of genotype, diversity level, and the presence of one genotype (“Loden”) on fungal community composition. Soil properties and plant and litter traits contributed to explaining the variation in fungal species composition. The within-season variation in composition was of a similar magnitude to the year-to-year variation. The proportion of ECM fungi increased over time irrespective of plant genotype diversity, and, in Uppsala, the 4-mixture showed a weaker response than other combinations. Species richness was generally higher in Uppsala compared with that in Rostock and increased over time, but did not increase with plant genotype diversity. This significant site-specificity underlines the need for consideration of diverse sites to draw general conclusions of temporal variations and functioning of fungal communities. A significant increase in ECM colonization of soil under the pioneer tree Salix on agricultural soils was evident and points to changed litter decomposition and soil carbon dynamics during Salix growth.

Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of North American Vegetation (North of Mexico)

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Graham
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
North American ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biotic Response ◽  
History Of

This book is a unique and integrated account of the history of North American vegetation and paleoenvironments over the past 70 million years. It includes discussions of the modern plant communities, causal factors for environmental change, biotic response, and methodologies. The history reveals a North American vegetation that is vast, immensely complex, and dynamic.

scholarly journals Plant communities affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community composition in grassland microcosms

2004 ◽  
Vol 161 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Johnson ◽  
Philippe J. Vandenkoornhuyse ◽  
Jonathan R. Leake ◽  
Lucy Gilbert ◽  
Rosemary E. Booth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

Visualisation of E. coli ribosomal RNA in situ by electron spectroscopic imaging and image averaging

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
Daniel Beniac ◽  
George Harauz
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microscopical Technique ◽  
Quantitative Image ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Image Averaging ◽  
Protein Components

The structures of E. coli ribosomes have been extensively probed by electron microscopy of negatively stained and frozen hydrated preparations. Coupled with quantitative image analysis and three dimensional reconstruction, such approaches are worthwhile in defining size, shape, and quaternary organisation. The important question of how the nucleic acid and protein components are arranged with respect to each other remains difficult to answer, however. A microscopical technique that has been proposed to answer this query is electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI), in which scattered electrons with energy losses characteristic of inner shell ionisations are used to form specific elemental maps. Here, we report the use of image sorting and averaging techniques to determine the extent to which a phosphorus map of isolated ribosomal subunits can define the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) distribution within them.

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