scholarly journals Deciphering the genetic basis of animal domestication

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1722) ◽  
pp. 3161-3170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Wiener ◽  
Samantha Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Future Study ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Selective Sweeps ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Animal Domestication ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
History Of

Genomic technologies for livestock and companion animal species have revolutionized the study of animal domestication, allowing an increasingly detailed description of the genetic changes accompanying domestication and breed development. This review describes important recent results derived from the application of population and quantitative genetic approaches to the study of genetic changes in the major domesticated species. These include findings of regions of the genome that show between-breed differentiation, evidence of selective sweeps within individual genomes and signatures of demographic events. Particular attention is focused on the study of the genetics of behavioural traits and the implications for domestication. Despite the operation of severe bottlenecks, high levels of inbreeding and intensive selection during the history of domestication, most domestic animal species are genetically diverse. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed. The major insights from the surveyed studies are highlighted and directions for future study are suggested.

scholarly journals The genetic basis of evolutionary change in gene expression levels

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1552) ◽  
pp. 2581-2590 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Emerson ◽  
Wen-Hsiung Li
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Expression Variation ◽  
Regulatory Variation ◽  
Global Mapping ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trait Locus

The regulation of gene expression is an important determinant of organismal phenotype and evolution. However, the widespread recognition of this fact occurred long after the synthesis of evolution and genetics. Here, we give a brief sketch of thoughts regarding gene regulation in the history of evolution and genetics. We then review the development of genome-wide studies of gene regulatory variation in the context of the location and mode of action of the causative genetic changes. In particular, we review mapping of the genetic basis of expression variation through expression quantitative trait locus studies and measuring the cis / trans component of expression variation in allele-specific expression studies. We conclude by proposing a systematic integration of ideas that combines global mapping studies, cis / trans tests and modern population genetics methodologies, in order to directly estimate the forces acting on regulatory variation within and between species.

scholarly journals Archaeogenomics of Animal Domestication in Eurasia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (35) ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Trifonov ◽  
◽  
Dilyara N. Shaymuratova ◽  
Gulshat Sh. Asylgaraeva ◽  
Sergey P. Monakhov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sample Storage ◽  
Animal Domestication ◽  
Scientific Network ◽  
Interdisciplinary Nature ◽  
History Of

The processes of domestication and subsequent distribution of animals in Eurasia are closely related to human migrations and intercultural exchanges starting from the end of the Pleistocene. The development of methods for the isolation and analysis of ancient DNA from archaeological and paleontological remains has made it possible to take a new look at both the presumed core regions of domestication and the geography and dynamics of livestock distribution. This paper discusses the reports on the reconstruction of the migration processes of domestic animals in Eurasia using the analysis of ancient DNA performed by leading specialists from Great Britain, France, Finland, Ireland, and Russia at the international symposium on Domestic Animal Archaeogenomics (Bolgar, Republic of Tatarstan, March 2020). In addition to discussing the demographic history of different species of domestic animals, special attention was given to the development of methods for working with ancient DNA and the peculiarities of sample storage and handling. Summarizing the results of the symposium, the authors identified priority areas for future research. The interdisciplinary nature of research and the need to create broad scientific network that includes specialists from different fields were emphasized.

scholarly journals The Canine Morbillivirus Strain Associated with An Epizootic in Caspian Seals Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of this Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy K. Jo ◽  
Martin Peters ◽  
Aidyn Kydyrmanov ◽  
Marco W. G. van de Bildt ◽  
Thijs Kuiken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus; CDV) is a worldwide distributed morbillivirus that causes sporadic cases and recurrent epizootics among an increasing number of wild, feral, and domestic animal species. We investigated the evolutionary history of CDV strains involved in the 1988 Lake Baikal (CDVPS88) and the 2000 Caspian Sea (CDVPC00) seal die-offs by recovery of full-length sequences from archived material using next-generation sequencing. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses indicated that CDVPC00 constitutes a novel strain in a separate clade (tentatively termed “Caspian”) from the America-1 clade, which is comprised of older vaccine strains. The America-1/Caspian monophyletic group is positioned most basally with respect to other clades and is estimated to have separated from other CDV clades around 1832. Our results indicate that CDVPC00 recovered from the epizootic in the Caspian Sea in 2000 belongs to a previously undetected novel clade and constitutes the most ancestral wild-type CDV clade.

scholarly journals 226 Genomics in animal agriculture: current technologies and applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Timothy P Smith
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping ◽  
Animal Agriculture ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of

Abstract The early impact of genomic research on animal agriculture was relatively modest, as it proved difficult to translate quantitative trait loci mapping to industrial application. Fortunately, developments in technology have facilitated the application of genomics to animal agriculture, which has led to more substantial impacts on many commercially produced animal species. A brief look back on the history of genomic research will be presented, followed by an overview of recent developments in genomic technologies. Examples of application of genomic research, focusing on beef cattle and comparative genomics with other bovinae specie, and the current status of some new genomic resources emerging for sheep, pigs, and goats, will also be presented.

Northeast India as an Indigenous Centre for the Domestication of Plants and Animals

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjil Hazarika
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Indian Culture ◽  
Rice Agriculture ◽  
Animal Domestication ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diverse Cultures

Northeast India is situated at the nexus of the South Asian, Southeast Asian, and East Asian biogeographical realms and harbours diverse biota, providing a unique opportunity to archaeologists and anthropologists for the study of the relationship between humans and their environment over the ages. Moreover, this region, the abode of diverse ethnic groups with diverse cultures and customs, hints at a long history of continuous and close association between humans and nature, which is important in the understanding of plant and animal domestication. Genetic analysis of present-day domesticates with their wild counterparts provides valuable insights into their differentiation, time of domestication, and changes in their morphological traits through control by humans. The chapter also elucidates the role played by rice in Northeast Indian culture and highlights the long-term history of rice agriculture in the region.

scholarly journals Molecular evolutionary analysis of human primary microcephaly genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nashaiman Pervaiz ◽  
Hongen Kang ◽  
Yiming Bao ◽  
Amir Ali Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Australopithecus Afarensis ◽  
Primary Microcephaly ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background There has been a rapid increase in the brain size relative to body size during mammalian evolutionary history. In particular, the enlarged and globular brain is the most distinctive anatomical feature of modern humans that set us apart from other extinct and extant primate species. Genetic basis of large brain size in modern humans has largely remained enigmatic. Genes associated with the pathological reduction of brain size (primary microcephaly-MCPH) have the characteristics and functions to be considered ideal candidates to unravel the genetic basis of evolutionary enlargement of human brain size. For instance, the brain size of microcephaly patients is similar to the brain size of Pan troglodyte and the very early hominids like the Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Australopithecus afarensis. Results The present study investigates the molecular evolutionary history of subset of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) genes; CEP135, ZNF335, PHC1, SASS6, CDK6, MFSD2A, CIT, and KIF14 across 48 mammalian species. Codon based substitutions site analysis indicated that ZNF335, SASS6, CIT, and KIF14 have experienced positive selection in eutherian evolutionary history. Estimation of divergent selection pressure revealed that almost all of the MCPH genes analyzed in the present study have maintained their functions throughout the history of placental mammals. Contrary to our expectations, human-specific adoptive evolution was not detected for any of the MCPH genes analyzed in the present study. Conclusion Based on these data it can be inferred that protein-coding sequence of MCPH genes might not be the sole determinant of increase in relative brain size during primate evolutionary history.

Sequence variation and evolution of nuclear DNA in man and the primates

1981 ◽  
Vol 292 (1057) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Detailed Structural Analysis ◽  
Dna Sequence Variation ◽  
History Of

Recent advances in nucleic acid technology have facilitated the detection and detailed structural analysis of a wide variety of genes in higher organisms, including those in man. This in turn has opened the way to an examination of the evolution of structural genes and their surrounding and intervening sequences. In a study of the evolution of haemoglobin genes and neighbouring sequences in man and the primates, we have investigated gene arrangement and DNA sequence divergence both within and between species ranging from Old World monkeys to man. This analysis is beginning to reveal the evolutionary constraints that have acted on this region of the genome during primate evolution. Furthermore, DNA sequence variation, both within and between species, provides, in principle, a novel and powerful method for determining inter-specific phylogenetic distances and also for analysing the structure of present-day human populations. Application of this new branch of molecular biology to other areas of the human genome should prove important in unravelling the history of genetic changes that have occurred during the evolution of man.

Early origin of sweet perception in the songbird radiation

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 373 (6551) ◽  
pp. 226-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuka Toda ◽  
Meng-Ching Ko ◽  
Qiaoyi Liang ◽  
Eliot T. Miller ◽  
Alejandro Rico-Guevara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sensory Biology ◽  
Avian Evolution ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sensory Convergence ◽  
Early Origin

Early events in the evolutionary history of a clade can shape the sensory systems of descendant lineages. Although the avian ancestor may not have had a sweet receptor, the widespread incidence of nectar-feeding birds suggests multiple acquisitions of sugar detection. In this study, we identify a single early sensory shift of the umami receptor (the T1R1-T1R3 heterodimer) that conferred sweet-sensing abilities in songbirds, a large evolutionary radiation containing nearly half of all living birds. We demonstrate sugar responses across species with diverse diets, uncover critical sites underlying carbohydrate detection, and identify the molecular basis of sensory convergence between songbirds and nectar-specialist hummingbirds. This early shift shaped the sensory biology of an entire radiation, emphasizing the role of contingency and providing an example of the genetic basis of convergence in avian evolution.

scholarly journals Human genetic basis of interindividual variability in the course of infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (51) ◽  
pp. E7118-E7127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Laurent Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The key problem in human infectious diseases was posed at the turn of the 20th century: their pathogenesis. For almost any given virus, bacterium, fungus, or parasite, life-threatening clinical disease develops in only a small minority of infected individuals. Solving this infection enigma is important clinically, for diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment. Some microbes will inevitably remain refractory to, or escape vaccination, or chemotherapy, or both. The solution also is important biologically, because the emergence and evolution of eukaryotes alongside more rapidly evolving prokaryotes, archaea, and viruses posed immunological challenges of an ecological and evolutionary nature. We need to study these challenges in natural, as opposed to experimental, conditions, and also at the molecular and cellular levels. According to the human genetic theory of infectious diseases, inborn variants underlie life-threatening infectious diseases. Here I review the history of the field of human genetics of infectious diseases from the turn of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century. This paper thus sets the scene, providing the background information required to understand and appreciate the more recently described monogenic forms of resistance or predisposition to specific infections discussed in a second paper in this issue.

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