scholarly journals Basal metabolic rate of birds is associated with habitat temperature and precipitation, not primary productivity

2006 ◽  
Vol 274 (1607) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R White ◽  
Tim M Blackburn ◽  
Graham R Martin ◽  
Patrick J Butler
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Habitat Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

A classic example of ecophysiological adaptation is the observation that animals from hot arid environments have lower basal metabolic rates (BMRs, ml O 2  min −1 ) than those from non-arid (luxuriant) ones. However, the term ‘arid’ conceals within it a multitude of characteristics including extreme ambient temperatures ( T a , °C) and low annual net primary productivities (NPPs, g C m −2 ), both of which have been shown to correlate with BMR. To assess the relationship between environmental characteristics and metabolic rate in birds, we collated BMR measurements for 92 populations representing 90 wild-caught species and examined the relationships between BMR and NPP, T a , annual temperature range ( T r ), precipitation and intra-annual coefficient of variation of precipitation ( P CV ). Using conventional non-phylogenetic and phylogenetic generalized least-squares approaches, we found no support for a relationship between BMR and NPP, despite including species captured throughout the world in environments spanning a 35-fold range in NPP. Instead, BMR was negatively associated with T a and T r , and positively associated with P CV .

Testing the “rate of living” model: further evidence that longevity and metabolic rate are not inversely correlated in Drosophila melanogaster

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1915-1922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne A. Van Voorhies ◽  
Aziz A. Khazaeli ◽  
James W. Curtsinger
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Extended Longevity ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Relationship

In a recent study examining the relationship between longevity and metabolism in a large number of recombinant inbred Drosophila melanogaster lines, we found no indication of the inverse relationship between longevity and metabolic rate that one would expect under the classical “rate of living” model. A potential limitation in generalizing from that study is that it was conducted on experimental material derived from a single set of parental strains originally developed over 20 years ago. To determine whether the observations made with those lines are characteristic of the species, we studied metabolic rates and longevities in a second, independently derived set of recombinant inbred lines. We found no correlation in these lines between metabolic rate and longevity, indicating that the ability to both maintain a normal metabolic rate and have extended longevity may apply to D. melanogaster in general. To determine how closely our measurements reflect metabolic rates of flies maintained under conditions of life span assays, we used long-term, flow-through metabolic rate measurements and closed system respirometry to examine the effects of variables such as time of day, feeding state, fly density, mobility of the flies, and nitrogen knockout on D. melanogaster metabolic rate. We found that CO2 production estimated in individual flies accurately reflects metabolic rates of flies under the conditions used for longevity assays.

Development of thermoregulation in ducklings

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1243-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Untergasser ◽  
J. S. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Common Eiders

The embryos of mallards and scaups show no evidence of homeothermy before the point of hatching. The ability to thermoregulate develops quickly directly after hatching, so that day-old mallards remain homeothermic for at least 2.5 h at ambient temperatures down to +2 °C. The lowest ambient temperatures at which 1-day-old scaups and common eiders remain homeothermic for at least 2.5 h are −2 °C and −7 °C respectively. This rapid development of cold resistance is related to increases in peak metabolic rates and insulative capacities. In embryos of pipped eggs, metabolic rates do not exceed 1.1 ml O2/g h for mallards and 1.6 ml/g h for scaups, while the peak metabolic rates of the day-old young are 6.1 and 7.0 ml/g h respectively. One-day-old common eiders have a peak metabolic rate of about 5 ml/g h. After an age of 3 days, cold resistance increases with age while peak metabolic rates decrease, indicating that reduced heat loss contributes to increased cold resistance. At an age of 7 days, mallards can maintain homeothermy for at least 2.5 h at −4 °C, scaups at −14 °C, and common eiders at −16 °C. Insulation indices of eider ducklings are significantly higher than those of young mallards and scaups.

Body temperature and rate of O2 consumption in Chinese pangolins

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (3) ◽  
pp. R377-R382 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Heath ◽  
H. T. Hammel
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Manis Pentadactyla ◽  
The Relationship

Body temperatures and rates of O2 consumption and CO2 production were measured in four Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla) during short-term exposures (2-4 h) to ambient temperatures (Ta) of 10-34 degrees C. At Ta less than 27 degrees C the pangolins curled into a sphere. At Ta greater than 28 degrees C the animals laid on their backs with their soft abdominal skin exposed. Rectal temperatures between 33.4 and 35.5 degrees C were recorded from animals exposed to Ta of 10-32 degrees C. At Ta greater than or equal to 32 degrees C the animals appeared to be markedly heat stressed, rate of breathing was elevated, and core temperature rose somewhat. Resting metabolic rates averaged 3.06 ml O2 X kg-1 X min-1. This is significantly lower than would be predicted from the relationship between body mass and metabolic rate established by Kleiber (The Fire of Life: an Introduction to Animal Energetics. New York: Wiley, 1975) for other eutherian mammals. The magnitude of the metabolic response to Ta below the lower critical temperature was inversely correlated to the mass of the pangolin, the slope being greatest for the smallest animals. Respiratory quotients of 0.85-1.0 were observed.

scholarly journals Sources and significance of variation in basal, summit and maximal metabolic rates in birds

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Mckechnie ◽  
David L. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Metabolic Reaction ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Metabolic Diversity ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The rates at which birds use energy may have profound effects on fitness, thereby influencing physiology, behavior, ecology and evolution. Comparisons of standardized metabolic rates (e.g., lower and upper limits of metabolic power output) present a method for elucidating the effects of ecological and evolutionary factors on the interface between physiology and life history in birds. In this paper we review variation in avian metabolic rates [basal metabolic rate (BMR; minimum normothermic metabolic rate), summit metabolic rate (Msum; maximal thermoregulatory metabolic rate), and maximal metabolic rate (MMR; maximal exercise metabolic rate)], the factors associated with this variation, the evidence for functional links between these metabolic traits, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of avian metabolic diversity. Both lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are phenotypically flexible traits, and vary in association with numerous ecological and evolutionary factors. For both inter- and intraspecific comparisons, lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are generally upregulated in response to energetically demanding conditions and downregulated when energetic demands are relaxed, or under conditions of energetic scarcity. Positive correlations have been documented between BMR, Msum and MMR in some, but not all studies on birds, providing partial support for the idea of a functional link between lower and upper limits to metabolic power production, but more intraspecific studies are needed to determine the robustness of this conclusion. Correlations between BMR and field metabolic rate (or daily energy expenditure) in birds are variable, suggesting that the linkage between these traits is subject to behavioral adjustment, and studies of the relationship between field and maximal metabolic rates are lacking. Our understanding of avian metabolic diversity would benefit from future studies of: (1) the functional and mechanistic links between lower and upper limits of metabolic power output; (2) the environmental and ecological cues driving phenotypically flexible metabolic responses, and how responses to such cues might impact population responses to climate change; (3) the shapes of metabolic reaction norms and their association with environmental variability; and (4) the relationship of metabolic variation to fitness, including studies of repeatability and heritability of minimum and maximum metabolic power output.

Cost of Sustained and Burst Swimming to Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1546-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Puckett ◽  
L. M. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Burst Swimming ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between oxygen consumption rate (milligrams per kilogram per hour) and sustained swimming speed (calculated from tailbeat frequency) was determined for 1.2-g juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) at 15 °C. The data are best described by the following equation: log oxygen consumption rate = 2.2 + 0.13 (body lengths-s−1). This relationship is very similar to that extrapolated for sockeye salmon (O. nerka) of the same size, thus potentially enabling researchers to utilize the extensive sockeye data base to predict metabolic rates of coho. The oxygen consumption rate during burst swimming (9 body lengths∙s−1) was also determined. The burst swimming metabolic rate (38 000 mgO2∙kg−1∙h−1) is nearly 40 times greater than the maximum sustained swimming metabolic rate.

Thermal energetics of female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig K.R Willis ◽  
Jeffrey E Lane ◽  
Eric T Liknes ◽  
David L Swanson ◽  
R Mark Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Eptesicus Fuscus ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Big Brown Bats ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Family ◽  
Thermal Energetics ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated thermoregulation and energetics in female big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois, 1796). We exposed bats to a range of ambient temperatures (Ta) and used open-flow respirometry to record their metabolic responses. The bats were typically thermoconforming and almost always entered torpor at Tas below the lower critical temperature Tlc of 26.7 °C. Basal metabolic rate (BMR, 16.98 ± 2.04 mL O2·h–1, mean body mass = 15.0 ± 1.4 g) and torpid metabolic rate (TMR, 0.460 ± 0.207 mL O2·h–1, mean body mass = 14.7 ± 1.3 g) were similar to values reported for other vespertilionid bats of similar size and similar to a value for E. fuscus BMR calculated from data in a previous paper. However, we found that big brown bats had a lower Tlc and lower thermal conductance at low Ta relative to those measured in the previous study. During torpor, the minimum individual body temperature (Tb) that we recorded was 1.1 °C and the bats began defending minimum Tb at Ta of approximately 0 °C. BMR of big brown bats was 76% of that predicted for bats based on the relationship between BMR and body mass. However, the Vespert ilionidae have been under-represented in previous analyses of the relationship between BMR and body mass in bats. Our data, combined with data for other vespertilionids, suggest that the family may be characterized by a lower BMR than that predicted based on data from other groups of bats.

Selected Contribution: Long-lived Drosophila melanogaster lines exhibit normal metabolic rates

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 2605-2613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne A. Van Voorhies ◽  
Aziz A. Khazaeli ◽  
James W. Curtsinger
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Average Adult

The use of model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster, provides a powerful method for studying mechanisms of aging. Here we report on a large set of recombinant inbred (RI) D. melanogaster lines that exhibit approximately a fivefold range of average adult longevities. Understanding the factors responsible for the differences in longevity, particularly the characteristics of the longest-lived lines, can provide fundamental insights into the mechanistic correlates of aging. In ectothermic organisms, longevity is often inversely correlated with metabolic rate, suggesting the a priori hypothesis that long-lived lines will have low resting metabolic rates. We conducted ∼6,000 measurements of CO2 production in individual male flies aged 5, 16, 29, and 47 days postemergence and simultaneously measured the weight of individual flies and life spans in populations of each line. Even though there was a wide range of longevities, there was no evidence of an inverse relationship between the variables. The increased longevity of long-lived lines is not mediated through reduction of metabolic activity. In Drosophila, it is possible to both maintain a normal metabolic rate and achieve long life. These results are evaluated in the context of 100 years of research on the relationship between metabolic rate and life span.

Heart rate and energy expenditure in resting and running Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (6) ◽  
pp. R963-R967 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Nilssen ◽  
H. K. Johnsen ◽  
A. Rognmo ◽  
A. S. Blix
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Svalbard Reindeer ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a convenient relationship could be found between heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure at rest and during running in the high arctic Svalbard reindeer (SR) and the subarctic Norwegian reindeer (NR). Measurements of HR and energy expenditure (O2 consumption) were made at different ambient temperatures, at rest, and during running at different speeds during both summer and winter. Cost of transportation (Science 177: 222-228, 1972) was 3.56 and 2.67 J X g-1 X km-1 in SR and NR, respectively. The y-intercept value obtained for NR was close to the predicted value (J. Exp. Biol. 97: 1-22, 1982), whereas that of SR was much lower. In NR the relationship between HR and energy expenditure at running speeds from 0 to 9.2 km X h-1 is, regardless of ambient temperature (in the -30 to +10 degrees C range), described by the following equations: y = 8.04x + 48.70, r = 0.92, n = 27 (summer); and y = 7.48x + 31.20, r = 0.95, n = 52 (winter). In SR, the corresponding equations were y = 7.60x + 49.20, r = 0.94, n = 29 (summer); and y = 8.90x + 32.10, r = 0.96, n = 44 (winter), where y is HR (beats X min-1) and x is metabolic rate (W X kg-1).

EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF DEER MICE: RELATION OF TEMPERATURE AND SEASON

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Hock ◽  
Jane C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Different Altitudes

Metabolic rates of deer mice, P. maniculatus sonoriensis, native to and studied at sea level, 1220 m, and 3800 m were measured at a number of ambient temperatures between 0 and 37 °C. In summer (May–August) there was a direct relationship between metabolic rate and pO2 at all ambient temperatures. When metabolic rates were measured in fall (October–November) at 20 and 32 °C, the MR's of mice from sea level and 3800 m were nearly identical.It is concluded that seasonal changes in MR differ markedly with altitude. At sea level the response to seasonal cold appears ascribable to an increase in physiological insulation. At 3800 m, where summer MR is low, the response to seasonal cold is a metabolic one, that is, an increase in metabolic rate with no change in body temperature.There appears to be no clear-cut relationship between body temperature and altitude and a number of factors other than hypoxia undoubtedly influence not only body temperature, but also thermoregulatory ability of mice from different altitudes.

Hypoxic metabolic response of the golden-mantled ground squirrel

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata C. H. Barros ◽  
Mary E. Zimmer ◽  
Luiz G. S. Branco ◽  
William K. Milsom
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Primary Strategy

We examined the magnitude of the hypoxic metabolic response in golden-mantled ground squirrels to determine whether the shift in thermoregulatory set point (Tset) and subsequent fall in body temperature (Tb) and metabolic rate observed in small mammals were greater in a species that routinely experiences hypoxic burrows and hibernates. We measured the effects of changing ambient temperature (Ta; 6–29°C) on metabolism (O2 consumption and CO2 production), Tb, ventilation, and heart rate in normoxia and hypoxia (7% O2). The magnitude of the hypoxia-induced falls in Tb and metabolism of the squirrels was larger than that of other rodents. Metabolic rate was not simply suppressed but was regulated to assist the initial fall in Tb and then acted to slow this fall and stabilize Tb at a new, lower level. When Ta was reduced during 7% O2, animals were able to maintain or elevate their metabolic rates, suggesting that O2 was not limiting. The slope of the relationship between temperature-corrected O2 consumption and Taextrapolated to a Tset in hypoxia equals the actual Tb. The data suggest that Tset was proportionately related to Ta in hypoxia and that there was a shift from increasing ventilation to increasing O2extraction as the primary strategy employed to meet increasing metabolic demands under hypoxia. The animals were neither hypothermic nor hypometabolic, as Tb and metabolic rate appeared to be tightly regulated at new but lower levels as a result of a coordinated hypoxic metabolic response.

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