Factors associated with the age at marriage in Britain

1963 ◽  
Vol 159 (974) ◽  
pp. 178-202 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family System ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
Principal Tool ◽  
Fertility Analysis ◽  
Net Reproduction

The analysis of marriage data has been neglected by demographers until a relatively late stage in the development of the subject. In the earlier stages of population study interest was focused on mortality, and the techniques for measuring mortality had been more or less perfected by the middle of the nineteenth century (Glass 1956). Deaths were studied by means of age-specific mortality rates, and it was to be expected that when the analysis of fertility became the centre of interest, similar techniques would be employed. Fertility rates were regarded as a function of the age distribution of the female population, and age-specific fertility rates, combined into gross and net reproduction rates, became the principal tool of replacement and fertility analysis. A number of the early students of fertility were biologists by training, or had a biological outlook, and so tended to stress biological rather than social influences on fertility. This method would be legitimate in societies in which all females marry or cohabit shortly after puberty and where no attempt is made to control fertility within marriage. Under those circumstances, the age distribution of the female population will be the primary and principal determinant of human fertility. However, in modern European countries it is no longer legitimate to study fertility in terms of female age distribution alone. In this country the bulk of reproduction takes place within marriage (legitimate births account for about 95% of all births), and though among the younger women marriage may not infrequently follow conception rather than precede it, even if pre-nuptial conceptions are excluded the proportion of maritally conceived births only falls to 87%. Moreover, given the small family system prevalent in this country to-day, the normal size of family may be achieved without much difficulty even by women who marry relatively late. The amount and timing of marriage is therefore important in the study of fertility and much greater attention has recently been devoted to the study of nuptiality. The Statistics Committee of the Royal Commission on Population, for instance, devoted much time to the study of marriage trends (Hajnal 1950).

Differential fertility among immigrants to England and Wales and some implications for population projections

1969 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Completed Family Size ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

SummaryThe age structure of the immigrant female population as shown by the 1961 Census was heavily biased towards the young adult age groups, where fertility rates are highest. The birth rate for such a population could be expected considerably to exceed the average for this country as a whole, due to differences in age structure alone. The Census also showed marked differences betwen the fertility rates of different groups of immigrants but suggested that for the most important groups —from the Irish Republic, the Indian sub-continent and the Caribbean—they then amounted to a completed family size of roughly ½ child above the England and Wales average. There were also marked differences in 1961 between the socio-economic structure of immigrant groups; such evidence as there is points to socio-economic factors as playing an important part in explaining the fertility of immigrants, and its possible change over time.

scholarly journals STUDI LALAT PENGOROK DAUN LIRIOMYZA SPP. PADA PERTANAMAN BAWANG DAUN, DAN PARASITOID OPIUS CHROMATOMYIAE BELOKOBYLSKIJ & WHARTON (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Rusli Rustam ◽  
Aunu Rauf ◽  
Nina Maryana ◽  
Pudjianto Pudjianto ◽  
Dadang Dadang
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Reproductive Value ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Demographic Parameter ◽  
Liriomyza Huidobrensis ◽  
Stable Age Distribution ◽  
Net Reproduction ◽  
Density Results

Studies on Leafminer Liriomyza spp. in Green Onion Fields, and Parasitoid Opius chromatomyiae Belokobylskij & Wharton (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).  Field studies were conducted to determine population abundance of leafminers and their parasitoids in green onion fields in Puncak, West Java. In addition to that, laboratory studies were carried out to determine demographic parameter of Opius chromatomyiae as well as response of parasitoid to increasing host density. Results revealed that green onions were infested by two species of leafminers, Liriomyza huidobrensis and Liriomyza chinensis.  Leafminer flies emerged from Erwor leaves (54.5) were significantly higher than those of RP leaves (18.65) (P = 0.0005). However, number of  leafminer flies caught on sticky traps was not statistically different (P = 0.297).  Two species of parasitoid, Hemiptarsenus varicornis and O. chromatomyiae, were associated with leafminers in green onion fields. Higher number of parasitoids emerged from Erwor leaves (13.68) as compared to RP (6.90) (P =0.0007 ). However, level of parasitization were 24.36% on Erwor and 28.45% on RP, and was not significantly different (P = 0.387). Laboratory studies indicated that net reproduction (Ro) of O. chromatomyiae was 28.55, generation time (T) 15.96 days, intrinsic growth rate 0.21, and total of reproductive value 223.64.  The stable age distribution of parasitoid were 37.93% eggs, 24.92% larvae, 20.36% pupae and 16.78% adults.  The parasitoid showed functional response type II to increasing host density, with a = 0.08 and Th = 2.58.

Age structure, growth, and demographic parameters in breeding-age female subantarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus tropicalis

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 1043-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Dabin ◽  
Gwénaël Beauplet ◽  
Enrique A Crespo ◽  
Christophe Guinet
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Demographic Parameters ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Subantarctic Fur Seals ◽  
Arctocephalus Tropicalis

Age distribution was estimated for 108 breeding-age female subantarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray, 1872), sampled during the 1999–2000 breeding season on Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean. The growth features were described and demographic parameters assessed from transversal life tables constructed for this female population. The breeding females had a longer mean body length than was observed for other breeding populations of the same species. These females also showed a later start to reproduction (6 years old), a lower overall age-specific reproductive rate (R6–16 = 48.0%), and a lower survival in older age classes (>13 years). Females reproduced up to a maximum age of 16 years, with none older than 19 years observed in the colony, suggesting an apparent senescence in the population. This consequently reduced the theoretical reproductive period of the females, which has led to a lower number of reproductive outputs per individual (i.e., 3.65 weaned pups per female throughout its reproductive life). Although such differences between islands may be related to genotypic traits, these results are consistent with low food availability and suggest that density-dependent regulatory processes operate on the Amsterdam Island population.

On the Estimated Age-Distribution of the Indian Population, as Recorded at the Census of 1911, and the Estimated Rates of Mortality, Deduced from a Comparison of the Census Returns for 1901 and 1911

1913 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-414
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Ackland
Keyword(s):  
Indian Population ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Male And Female

The age-distribution, and the rates of mortality, of the male and female population, recorded by the General Census for India, have been investigated by Mr. G. F. Hardy, in connection with the separate Censuses of 1881,1891 and 1901. The methods adopted in his investigations, and the resulting tabular figures. are set out in Mr. Hardy's Reports to the Indian Government on these several Censuses, and these are summarized, as regards the 1881 Census, in a Paper submitted by him to the Institute, and published in Vol. XXV of the Journal, p. 217 et seq.

Reflections on a Cytology Screening Service

1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey S. Andrews ◽  
Margaret Davies
Keyword(s):  
Screening Programme ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Screening Service ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cytology Screening

A review of the results of the examination of gynaecological material undertaken during one year by an established cytology laboratory taking part in the Population Screening Service for Carcinoma of the Cervix in the United Kingdom is presented. The overall positive rate was 5/1,000 and for first examinations was 9.4/1,000. Only a relatively small proportion of the female population was screened but this included a wider spread over the social classes and a greater number of younger women, in whom the disease is becoming more common. In view of the failure to involve all women in a comprehensive screening programme, it is considered advisable to concentrate on those women who are particularly at risk and to take advantage of their attending family planning, ante-natal and venereal disease clinics where cervical smears can be taken, even if they are below the age of 35 years at which the screening programme usually starts. Training in cytology for doctors and nurses working in the clinics is essential and the availability of a special cytology clinic to assist in the diagnosis of difficult cases is very valuable.

scholarly journals Medical and social factors of the possibility of spreading coronavirus infection among fertile aged women

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
V.V. Podolskyi ◽  
Y.H. Antypkin ◽  
Vl.V. Podolskyi ◽  
T.R. Umanets ◽  
T.M. Kaminska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Research objective: to determine the risk factors for the spread of coronavirus infection among women of fertile age.Materials and methods. Authors analyzed the medical records (case histories and questionnaires) of 60 women of fertile age who were treated for coronavirus disease. After analysis of medical and social factors women were divided into age groups. Analysis of risk factors for coronavirus disease was determined by calculating the odds ratio according to Wald at p < 0.05.Results. Evaluation of the odds ratio of the COVID-19 chances depending on the nature of work of women of different ages showed that with intense work the risk of disease increases 2.5 times in the age group up to 30 years, which also confirms the analysis of previous indicators, that younger women with moderate workloads have more opportunities to attend mass events and crowds. In the structure of extragenital diseases in women with coronavirus disease, the chances of disease increased 2.6 times in those women who had a history of chronic tonsillitis. Among the history of infectious diseases, the chance ratio of coronavirus disease was increased in women over 30 years of age who had pertussis. Such data may indicate a similar mechanism of development of these diseases, because the causative agent of pertussis also penetrates the upper respiratory tract and may be accompanied by neurological symptoms – the appearance of seizures and bronchospasm.Conclusions. The data obtained in this way allow us to separate a narrower cohort of women of fertile age who may develop coronavirus disease. This will further allow developing proposals for a more efficient distribution of vaccines among the female population of Ukraine and reduce the prevalence of coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals Aspects of the life history of the Atlantic poacher, Leptagonus decagonus, in Svalbard waters

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
Kristin Heggland ◽  
Camilla A. Meyer Ottesen ◽  
Jørgen Berge
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Gut Content ◽  
Sex Distribution ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Age Range

Abstract The aim of the study is to describe aspects of the life history of the Atlantic poacher (Leptagonus decagonus) obtained during early October 2010 and late September 2011 from the Hinlopen Strait, located between Nordaustlandet and the Spitsbergen Archipelago. Length was measured for 142 individuals, and 82 out of these were weighed, sexed and the age in years determined. The sex distribution in the population was 45% females and 55% males. Gut content examination revealed the domination of the mesopelagic and hyper−benthic calanoid Bradyidius similis that was recorded in 87% of the stomachs analysed. Overall there was a significant difference in size (length and weight) between the sexes, and a difference in length and weight at age between the sexes. There was no difference in age distribution between the sexes, but there was a larger age range within the male population than in the female population. The sexual dimorphism in size is likely linked to different reproductive strategies. This study represents the first data on the life history of the Atlantic poacher in Svalbard waters.

HOW CHILD COSTS AND SURVIVAL SHAPED THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Strulik ◽  
Jacob Weisdorf
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Demographic Transitions ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Net Reproduction

This study provides a unified growth theory to correctly predict the initially negative and subsequently positive relationship between child mortality and net reproduction observed in industrialized countries over the course of their demographic transitions. The model captures the intricate interplay between technological progress, mortality, fertility, and economic growth in the transition from Malthusian stagnation to modern growth. It not only provides an explanation for the demographic observation that fertility rates response with a delay to lower child mortality, but also identifies a number of turning points over the course of development, suggesting a high degree of complexity in the relationships between various economic and demographic variables.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document