Anisotropic elastic materials that have one or two sheets of spherical slowness surface

Author(s):  
T.C.T Ting

It is shown that certain anisotropic elastic materials can have one or two sheets of spherical slowness surface. The waves associated with a spherical slowness sheet can be longitudinal, transverse or neither. However, a longitudinal wave can propagate in any direction if and only if the slowness sheet is a sphere . The same cannot be said of transverse waves. A transverse wave can propagate in any direction without having a spherical slowness sheet. If a spherical slowness sheet exists, the waves need not be transverse. The existence of a spherical slowness sheet means that the associated velocity surface and the wave surface also have a sphere. Thus, one sheet of the wave front due to a point source is a sphere, a rather unusual phenomenon for anisotropic elastic materials. Particularly interesting anisotropic elastic materials are the ones in which one longitudinal and two transverse waves can propagate in any direction. They have one spherical slowness sheet for the longitudinal waves. In the special case, they have a second spherical slowness sheet which is disjoint from the spherical slowness sheet . The third slowness sheet is a spheroid.

Geophysics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 987-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Helbig

Levin treats the subject concisely and exhaustively. Nevertheless, I feel a few comments to be indicated. My first point is rather general: of the three surfaces mentioned in the Appendix, the phase velocity surface (or normal surface) is easiest to calculate, since it is nothing but the graphical representation of the plane‐wave solutions for each direction. The wave surface has the greatest intuitive appeal, since it has the shape of the far‐field wavefront generated by an impulsive point source. The slowness surface, though apparently an insignificant transformation of the phase‐velocity surface, has the greatest significance for two reasons: (1) The projection of the slowness vector on a plane (the “component” of the slowness vector) is the apparent slowness, a quantity directly observed in seismic measurement. Continuity of wave‐fronts across an interface—the idea on which Snell’s law is based—is synonymous with continuity of apparent (or trace) slownesses; and (2) the slowness surface is the polar reciprocal of the wave surface; that is to say, not only has the radius vector of the slowness surface the direction of the normal to the wave surface (which follows from the definition of the two surfaces), but the inverse is also true. That is, the normal to the slowness surface has the direction of the corresponding ray (the radius vector of the wave surface). The fact that this surface so conveniently embodies all relevant information—direction of wave normal and ray, inverse phase velocity, inverse ray velocity (projection of the slowness vector on the ray direction), and the trace slowness along an interface—was the main reason for its introduction by Hamilton (1837) and McCullagh (1837). It is true that this information also can be obtained from the other surfaces, but only in a somewhat roundabout way, which can lead to serious complications. That only few of these complications are apparent in Levin’s article is a consequence of the fact that the polar reciprocal of a surface of second degree is another surface of second degree, in this case an ellipsoid. For more complicated and realistic types of anisotropy, one has to expect much more complicated surfaces. For transverse anisotropy, the slowness surface consists of one ellipsoid (SH‐waves) and a two‐leaved surface of fourth degree, the wave surface of an ellipsoid and a two‐leaved surface of degree 36. More general types of elastic anisotropy can lead to wave surfaces of up to degree 150, while the slowness surface is at most of degree six. It is, therefore, in the interest of a unified theory of wave propagation in anisotropic media to use, wherever possible, the slowness surface. The advantages of this are exemplified by Snell’s law in its general form. While it is impossible to base a concise formulation on the wave surface (reflected and refracted rays do not always lie in the plane containing the incident ray and the normal to the interface), the use of the slowness surface allows the following simple statement (Helbig 1965): “The slowness vectors of all waves in a reflection/refraction process have their end points on a common normal to the interface; the direction of the rays is parallel to the corresponding normals to the slowness surfaces”. A method to interpret refraction seismic data with an anisotropic overburden based on this form of Snell’s law has been described in Helbig (1964).


1962 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Kahn

Linearized equations are derived for disturbances in an infinite plasma without an imposed magnetic field. It is shown that besides the electrostatic, or longitudinal, waves which are usually considered, there can also exist electromagnetic, or transverse, waves. The two sets of waves are generally coupled, but one can nevertheless classify the waves as either mainly longitudinal or mainly transverse. It turns out that a plasma which is stable to longitudinal waves will be unstable to transverse waves unless the velocity distribution of its particles satisfies some rather stringent conditions. In a practical case these conditions would require the distribution to be isotropic.


Author(s):  
T.C.T Ting

Steady waves propagating in a plate that consists of one or more layers of general anisotropic elastic material are studied. The surface of the plate can be a traction-free (F), rigid (R) or slippery surface (S). The interface between any two layers in the plate can be perfectly bonded (b) or in sliding contact (s). The thickness of the layers need not be the same. The purpose of this paper is to present dispersion equations for all possible combinations of the boundary and interface conditions. If the thickness h of one of the layers is very small, the dispersion equation allows us to expand the solution in an infinite series in the power of h from which an approximate solution can be obtained by keeping the terms up to O ( h n ) for any n . The special case of a sandwich plate that consists of a centre layer and two identical outside layers is studied. In the literature, the dispersion equations for a sandwich plate were studied for special elastic materials. The results presented here are for elastic materials of general anisotropy.


1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Liu ◽  
J. Tani ◽  
T. Ohyoshi ◽  
K. Watanabe

A numerical method is used to determine the dispersion relation (an eigenvalue equation) of plane wave propagation in an anisotropic laminated plate. A phase velocity surface, phase slowness surface, phase wave surface, group velocity surface, group slowness surface, and group wave surface are defined and their formulae are deduced from the Rayleigh quotient and the orthogonality condition of the eigenvectors of the eigenvalue equation. The six characteristic surfaces can be used to illustrate the characteristics of plane waves and waves generated from a point source in an anisotropic laminated plate. As numerical examples, the characteristic surfaces are computed for graphite/epoxy angle ply laminated plates and for a hybrid one. The results for the graphite/epoxy laminated plates are compared with those obtained by Moon’s approximate theory.


Geophysics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. WA45-WA53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Grechka

Three algebraic surfaces — the slowness surface, the phase-velocity surface, and the group-velocity surface — play fundamental roles in the theory of seismic wave propagation in anisotropic elastic media. While the slowness (sometimes called phase-slowness) and phase-velocity surfaces are fairly simple and their main algebraic properties are well understood, the group-velocity surfaces are extremely complex; they are complex to the extent that even the algebraic degree, [Formula: see text], of a system of polynomials describing the general group-velocity surface is currently unknown, and only the upper bound of the degree [Formula: see text] is available. This paper establishes the exact degree [Formula: see text] of the general group-velocity surface along with two closely related to [Formula: see text] quantities: the maximum number, [Formula: see text], of body waves that may propagate along a ray direction in a homogeneous anisotropic elastic solid [Formula: see text] and the maximum number, [Formula: see text], of isolated, singularity-unrelated cusps of a group-velocity surface [Formula: see text].


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