scholarly journals The flame spectra of carbon monoxide and water-gas. —Part I

1925 ◽  
Vol 109 (749) ◽  
pp. 176-186 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
Chemical Technology ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Research Fellow ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Water Gas

As part of my work as the Gas Light & Coke Company’s Research Fellow in the Department of Chemical Technology at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, I was asked to undertake a systematic investigation of the flame spectra of carbon monoxide, and of mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, under the joint supervision of Prof. W. A. Bone and Prof. A. Fowler, with a view to the elucidation, if possible, of certain aspects of the combustion of carbon monoxide which have been referred to in recent publications upon the subject. The present paper embodies the results of my experiments. The characteristic blue appearance of the highly radiative flame of carbon monoxide burning in air is, of course, well known; but on looking into the literature oi the subject, very little appears to have been published concerning the flame spectrum of carbon monoxide, which has not yet been adequately described. In 1901 Smithells recorded that the flame of carbon monoxide gives a continuous spectrum whether burning in air, oxygen or nitrous oxide, and that the same is also true when the combustion is inverted by burning oxygen in an atmosphere of carbon monoxide. He referred also to a previous observation of Burch’s that when the gas is burnt under reduced pressure, its spectrum becomes discontinuous, and that the maxima of light, though ill-defined, are in such positions as suggest that they are vestiges of oxy-carbon bands.

Structure, chemical mechanism and properties of premixed flames in mixtures of carbon monoxide, nitrogen and oxygen with hydrogen and water vapour

1981 ◽  
Vol 303 (1476) ◽  
pp. 181-212 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Atom Concentration ◽  
Water Gas

Implicit solutions of the time-dependent flame equations have been used to calculate, for assumed reaction mechanisms, the expected structures and properties of a series of hydrogen-carbon monoxide-oxygen-nitrogen flames, some containing traces of added water vapour, at atmospheric and reduced pressures. Predicted burning velocities at atmospheric pressure have been compared with: ( a ) recent measurements, reported here, of the effect of addition of up to 10 % carbon monoxide on the burning velocity of a low temperature hydrogen-oxygennitrogen flame; ( b ) previous measurements by Scholte & Vaags (1959c) on dry hydrogen-carbon monoxide-air mixtures over the whole composition range on the fuel-rich side of stoichiometric; and ( c ) previously reported measurements by Jahn (1934), Badami & Egerton (1955), Scholte & Vaags (1959 b )and Wires et al . (1959) for moist carbon monoxide-air or carbon monoxide-oxygen mixtures, with or without traces of added hydrogen. Additionally, the following comparisons are made: ( d )The mole fraction profile for the decay of a trace of carbon dioxide added to the low temperature hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen flame has been recalculated with the aid of the full reaction mechanism, for comparison with the previously reported measurements of Dixon-Lewis et al. (1965). ( e ) Computed structures of two hydrogen-carbon monoxide-oxygen-argon flames burning at reduced pressure have been compared with previous measurements by Fenimore & Jones (1959) and Vandooren et al . (1975). ( f ) The mole fraction ratio X co /X CO 2 in the burnt gas from a low temperature, fuel-rich hydrogen-carbon monoxide-oxygen-argon flame at atmospheric pressure was measured by using a mass spectrometer. The measured ratio agreed to within 1 % with that predicted by computation of the complete flame properties. Both the calculated and measured ratios were higher than would correspond with the establishment of the water gas equilibrium in the flame. The major part of the observed changes in burning velocity from those of hydrogen-air mixtures can be satisfactorily explained by the addition of the single reaction (xxi) , OH + CO ⇌ C O 2 + H , ( xxi ) to the mechanism already established for the hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen flame system (Dixon-Lewis 1979). This applies particularly to fuel-lean flames and to fuel-rich mixtures not too far from stoichiometric. For fuel-rich flames further from stoichiometric, and particularly for the measurements in §(a), agreement between predicted and measured burning velocities is improved by adding to the mechanism a series of chain terminating steps involving the formation and subsequent reactions of the formyl radical. For reasonable values of its rate coefficient, reaction (xxii), O + CO + M ⇌ C O 2 + M , ( xxii ) never exerts more than a minor influence on the burning velocity. The major features of the structure of the flames are: ( a ) a preferential oxidation of hydrogen in the early stages of the reaction zones, leading to overshoot in the water concentration followed by a slow approach to the water gas equilibrium from the carbon monoxide-water side; and ( b ) marked enrichment of the oxygen atom concentration in the radical pool as the hydrogen content of the flames is decreased. In the flames containing only traces of hydrogen, the degree of enrichment is markedly influenced by reaction (xxii).

scholarly journals Studies upon catalytic combustion.— Part I. The union of carbon monoxide and oxygen in contact with a gold surface

1925 ◽  
Vol 109 (751) ◽  
pp. 459-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Normal State ◽  
Catalytic Combustion ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Gold Surface ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
Theoretical Developments

The experiments which will be described in this and succeeding papers of the series are a continuation of the previous researches of Bone and Wheeler upon “The Combination of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Contact with Hot Surfaces,” which were published in 1906. They were begun at Manchester University twenty years ago, continued at the University of Leeds, and are now being completed at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. The delay in publishing the results has not been disadvantageous, because it has allowed of our testing some recent theoretical developments concerning catalytic combustion, and more particularly that due to Langmuir. These, it will be remembered, formed the subject of a special discussion held in London on September 20, 1921, under the auspices of the Faraday Society, in which a number of the leading investigators throughout the world participated. The previous work of Bone and Wheeler ( loc . cit .), in which the actions of a number of widely different hot surfaces upon the combination of hydrogen and oxygen at pressures between 500 and 50 mm. were systematically studied, had disclosed the following outstanding facts:— (1) That the catalyzing power of a new surface at a given temperature usually increases up to a certain steady “normal” state, after which the rate of steam formation is always directly proportional to the pressure, provided that the two gases (hydrogen and oxygen) are present in their combining ratios, and that the product (steam) is rapidly removed from the sphere of action.

Dichlorosilylene: Rate constant for reaction with carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Sandhu ◽  
O. P. Strausz ◽  
T. N. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Rate Constant

scholarly journals Carbon Monoxide Induced Metabolic Shift in the Carboxydotrophic Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius DSM 6285

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1090
Author(s):  
Habibu Aliyu ◽  
Ronnie Kastner ◽  
Pieter de Maayer ◽  
Anke Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Biological Water ◽  
Wgs Reaction ◽  
Water Gas ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Parageobacillus Thermoglucosidasius

Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius is known to catalyse the biological water gas shift (WGS) reaction, a pathway that serves as a source of alternative energy and carbon to a wide variety of bacteria. Despite increasing interest in this bacterium due to its ability to produce biological hydrogen through carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation, there are no data on the effect of toxic CO gas on its physiology. Due to its general requirement of O2, the organism is often grown aerobically to generate biomass. Here, we show that carbon monoxide (CO) induces metabolic changes linked to distortion of redox balance, evidenced by increased accumulation of organic acids such as acetate and lactate. This suggests that P. thermoglucosidasius survives by expressing several alternative pathways, including conversion of pyruvate to lactate, which balances reducing equivalents (oxidation of NADH to NAD+), and acetyl-CoA to acetate, which directly generates energy, while CO is binding terminal oxidases. The data also revealed clearly that P. thermoglucosidasius gained energy and grew during the WGS reaction. Combined, the data provide critical information essential for further development of the biotechnological potential of P. thermoglucosidasius.

scholarly journals The flame spectrum of carbon monoxide

1940 ◽  
Vol 176 (967) ◽  
pp. 505-521 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Electronic State ◽  
Excited Electronic State ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Band Spectrum ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Triangular Form ◽  
Reduced Pressure

The spectrum of the flame of carbon monoxide burning in air and in oxygen at reduced pressure has been photographed on plates of high contrast which display the band spectrum clearly above the continuous background. Greater detail has been obtained than has been recorded previously and new measurements are given. The structure of the spectrum has been studied systematically. It is shown that the bands occur in pairs with a separation of about 60 cm. -1 , this separation being due probably to the rotational structure. Various wave-number differences are found to occur frequently, and many of the strong bands are arranged in arrays using intervals of 565 and 2065 cm. -1 . The possible origin of the spectrum is discussed. The choice of emitter is limited to a polyatomic oxide of carbon, of which carbon dioxide is the most likely. The spectrum of the suboxide C 3 O 2 shows some resemblance to the flame bands, but this molecule is improbable as the emitter on other grounds. A peroxide C0 3 is also a possibility, but no evidence for the presence of this has been obtained from experiments on the slow combustion of carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide in gaseous or liquid form is transparent through the visible and quartz ultra-violet, and the flame bands are not obtained from CO 2 in discharge tubes. Comparison with the Schumann-Runge bands of oxygen shows that it is possible that the flame bands may form part of the absorption band system of CO 2 which is known to exist below 1700 A if there is a big change in shape or size of the molecule in the two electronic states. The electronic energy levels of CO 2 are discussed. Since normal CO 2 is not built up from normal CO and oxygen, an electronic rearrangement of the CO 2 must occur after the combustion process. Mulliken has suggested that the molecule in the first excited electronic state, corresponding to absorption below 1700 A, may have a triangular form. The frequencies obtained from the flame bands are compared with the infra-red frequencies of CO 2 . The 565 interval may be identified with the transverse vibration v 2 , indicating that the excited electronic state is probably triangular in shape. The 2065 interval cannot, however, be identified with the asymmetric vibration v 3 with any certainty. If the excited electronic state of CO 2 is triangular, then molecules formed during the combustion by transitions from this level to the ground state may be “vibrationally activated”. This is probably the reason for many of the peculiarities of the combustion of carbon monoxide.

scholarly journals VIII.—On the calcification of the vertebral centra in sharks and rays

1921 ◽  
Vol 210 (372-381) ◽  
pp. 311-407 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
Vertebral Centra ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Elasmobranch Fishes ◽  
Fossil State

In this paper are recorded the results of an investigation undertaken at the instance of Dr. A. Smith Woodward for the purpose of ascertaining to what extent the pattern presented by the calcified laminæ of the centrum is of value as an aid to the classification of Elasmobranch fishes, and to the identification of vertebræ found in the fossil state. The subject was dealt with exhaustively in 1879-1885 by Hasse, who, in his monograph ‘Das natürliche System der Elasmobranchier,’ claimed that the differences in the disposition of the calcified laminæ in the various genera and families of Elasmobranchs occur with such constancy and regularity that they may be accepted with confidence as an important factor in taxonomy. During the years, however, that have passed since the publication of this monograph the thesis has come to be looked upon with suspicion, and vertebrate morphologists at the present time do not, as a whole, regard Hasse’s definitions of the Cyclospondyli, Tectospondyli, and Asterospondyli as consistently applicable to the genera and species included by him within those groups. The material studied in the course of the investigation was to a large extent accumulated several years ago (see p. 313), and it was only the superior attraction of Cephalodiscus as a subject of research that prevented the work from being brought to an earlier conclusion. The examination of this accumulated material, and of that more recently acquired, was carried on in the Huxley Research Laboratory of the Imperial College of Science during the winter of 1917 and from May, 1919, to May, 1920, and I hereby acknowledge my great indebtedness to Prof. E. W. MacBride and the administrative officers of the College for the facilities offered there for the prosecution of the work. I have further to thank Prof. MacBride for frequent advice and for valuable suggestions made during the progress of the research. My thanks are also due, and are hereby tendered, to Dr. A. Smith Woodward and Mr. C. Tate Began, of the British Museum (Natural History), for many helpful hints and suggestions. Acknowledgments and thanks for material kindly furnished by various donors are recorded on p. 313.

Development of a Medium-Size Steam Reformer for CHP Applications Based on PEM Fuel Cells

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Pisani ◽  
Alberto Zerbinato ◽  
Carlo Tregambe ◽  
Ernesto Benini
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Pem Fuel Cells ◽  
Water Gas Shift ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Steam Reformer ◽  
Fuel Processor ◽  
Conversion Performance ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies ◽  
Water Gas

This paper describes technological of a fuel processor for hydrogen production able to convert 10 cubic meters of methane per hour. This device has been developed to feed hydrogen CHP suitable for the most common residential applications. The measured conversion efficiencies are extremely high: after the steam reformer the results are 76%H2; 18%CO2; 0,5%CH4; 5%CO; but the carbon monoxide is totally reduced throughout the water gas shift and the partial oxidation which contemporarily increase the hydrogen to over 77%. According to these results, this fuel processor is one of the first middle sized reformer to achieve, at comparable costs per cubic meter, conversion performance that were normally obtained only by industrial reforming plants.

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