scholarly journals On the viscosities of gaseous chlorine and bromine

1912 ◽  
Vol 86 (585) ◽  
pp. 162-168 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Deep Layer ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
New Form

The Object of the Experiments about to be described was to determine the viscosities, at various temperature, of gaseous chlorine, bromine, and iodine, by comparison with air. The apparatus, however, proved unsuitable in several respects for working at higher temperature required. It has, nevertheless, yielded satisfactory results at the lower temperatures ; and the viscosity of chlorine at atmospheric temperature and at 100° C., and that of bromine at the latter temperature only, have been measured by means of it. These values are now published, pending the extension of the investigation on the lines indicated, with a new form of apparatus which promises to be entirely adequate for the purpose. The chief difficulty which presents itself in working with the halogen gases is the readiness with which they attack mercury. On this account, the method I Have previously used* for viscosity determinations was rendered unsuitable; but it has found possible to retain one of its most desirable features, viz., the mercury pellet, which serve the double purpose of creating a constant pressure difference, and of measuring the volume of gas emerging from capillary. In other respects the apparatus is quite different, the main object in its construction being to prevent contamination of the mercury. This has been sufficiently secured by causing the pellet to aspirate the gas through the capillary tube, with a deep layer of air acting as a kind of buffer between them. The failure of the method at high temperature was chiefly due to the mercury pellet becoming unstable, owing to the diminution of surface tension.

Thermophysical properties of zirconium at high temperature

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 3713-3719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul-François Paradis ◽  
Won-Kyu Rhim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Expansion Coefficient ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Hemispherical Total Emissivity ◽  
Volume Expansion Coefficient ◽  
Total Emissivity

Six thermophysical properties of both solid and liquid zirconium measured using the high-temperature electrostatic levitator at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory are presented. These properties are density, thermal expansion coefficient, constant pressure heat capacity, hemispherical total emissivity, surface tension, and viscosity. For the first time, we report the densities and the thermal expansion coefficients of both the solid as well as liquid Zr over wide ranges of temperatures. Over the 1700–2300 K temperature span, the liquid density can be expressed as ρ1(T) = 6.24 × 103 – 0.29(T – Tm) kg/m3 with Tm = 2128 K, and the corresponding volume expansion coefficient as α1 = 4.6 × 10−5/K. Similarly, over the 1250–2100 K range, the measured density of the solid can be expressed as ρs(T) = 6.34 × 103 – 0.15(T – Tm), giving a volume expansion coefficient αs = 2.35 × 10−5/K. The constant pressure heat capacity of the liquid phase could be estimated as Cpl(T) = 39.72 – 7.42 × 10−3(T – Tm) J/(mol/K) if the hemispherical total emissivity of the liquid phase εT1 remains constant at 0.3 over the 1825–2200 K range. Over the 1400–2100 K temperature span, the hemispherical total emissivity of the solid phase could be rendered as εTs(T) = 0.29 – 9.91 × 103 (T – Tm). The measured surface tension and the viscosity of the molten zirconium over the 1850–2200 K range can be expressed as ς(T) = 1.459 × 103 – 0.244 (T – Tm) mN/m and as η(T) = 4.83 – 5.31 × 10−3(T – Tm) mPa s, respectively.

Stability of the Steady-State Displacement of a Liquid Plug Driven by a Constant Pressure Difference along a Prewetted Capillary Tube

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (16) ◽  
pp. 6307-6315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Ubal ◽  
Diego M. Campana ◽  
María D. Giavedoni ◽  
Fernando A. Saita
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Liquid Plug

scholarly journals Improved high-temperature damping performance of nitrile-butadiene rubber/phenolic resin composites by introducing different hindered amine molecules

e-Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 482-490
Author(s):  
Meng Song ◽  
Xiulin Yue ◽  
Xiujuan Wang ◽  
Mengjie Huang ◽  
Mingxing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Damping Materials ◽  
Hybrid Damping

AbstractBy introducing hindered amine GW-622 or GW-944 into nitrile-butadiene rubber/phenolic resin (NBR/PR, abbreviated as NBPR) matrix, we have prepared different hindered amine/NBR/PR ternary hybrid damping materials with high-temperature damping performance, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA) were used to research the microstructure, compatibility, and damping properties of the hindered amine/NBPR composites. FTIR results indicate that hydrogen bonds are formed between the hindered amine and the NBPR matrix. Both DSC and SEM results show that hindered amine has partial compatibility with the NBPR matrix. DMA results show that two loss peaks appear in the hindered amine/NBPR composite. Thereby, the composites show better damping performance at a higher temperature, and the temperature domain of high-temperature damping becomes wider with the increase in the addition of hindered amine. This study provides a theoretical support for the preparation of high-temperature damping materials.

High-temperature measurements of surface tension of metals in vacuum

2007 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 608-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Gedgagova ◽  
Kh. M. Guketlov ◽  
V. K. Kumykov ◽  
A. R. Manukyants ◽  
I. N. Sergeev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
High Temperature Measurements

scholarly journals Improvement of acid solutions for stimulation of compacted high-temperature carbonate collectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3(62)) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Oleh Zimin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Surface Tension Coefficient ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
Low Viscosity

The object of research in this work is the intensification of hydrocarbon production. The most problematic task of the study is the efficiency of intensification of compacted high-temperature carbonate reservoirs. Despite the gradual transition to renewable energy sources, natural gas and oil will play a dominant role in the world's energy balance in the next 20–30 years. Carbonate rocks have significant mining potential, but low filtration properties require intensification to improve reservoir permeability. High temperatures and pressures at great depths require the improvement of existing hydrocarbon production technologies. The most popular method for treating reservoirs containing carbonates is acid treatments in different variations, but for effective treatment it is necessary to achieve deep penetration of the solution into the formation. The study solves the problem of selection of effective carrier liquids for the preparation of acid solutions for the treatment of compacted high-temperature reservoirs with high carbonate content. To ensure quality treatment, acid solutions must have low viscosity and surface tension coefficient, low reaction rate, their chemical properties must ensure the absence of insoluble precipitates in the process of reactions with fluids and rocks, as well as be environmentally friendly. To select the most optimal carrier liquid, experiments were conducted to determine which candidate liquids provide the minimum reaction rate of acidic solutions with carbonates. Based on the analysis of industrial application data and literature sources, water, nephras, methanol, ethyl acetate, and methyl acetate were selected for further research. Widely studied acetic acid was chosen as the basic acid. Studies have shown that methyl acetate has a number of advantages, namely low reaction rate, low viscosity and surface tension coefficient. As well as the possibility of hydrolysis in the formation with the release of acetic acid, which significantly prolongs the reaction time of the solution with the rock and the depth of penetration of the active solution into the formation.

High Temperature and High Pressure ESP Performance Testing System Design

2013 ◽  
Vol 457-458 ◽  
pp. 423-427
Author(s):  
Xiao Qing Li ◽  
Xiao Yan Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Friction Resistance ◽  
High Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

With the development of oilfield exploration, the performance of electric submersible pump (ESP) has been enhanced very fast. It requires testing techniques develop at the same time. The most outstanding question is the testing of high temperature and pressure ESP. A testing well was drilled in Daqing in 1992. It keeps the water liquid state on 150 centigrade by high pressure. This system can simulate operational mode 3000 meters under the ground. But many new ESPs have been produced these years. The quondam testing system couldnt meet the testing requirement. A new testing system is desiderated eagerly. This paper developed a high temperature and pressure ESP testing experimentation system. Hydraulic/thermodynamic analysis calculation has been carried on. Friction resistance from constant pressure point to the suction inlet of hot water pump and the ESP in heating-forced cycle and experimentation primary cycle are calculated respectively. Keeping the water liquid state on 180 centigrade, constant pressure value was fixed on 2.5 MPa. The heat load is calculated including the heat that the water in the system and the equipment need and the heat loss. In order to protect ESP from emanating too much heat to keep the temperature and pressure of the system steady, heat exchange system has been designed. Cold load and heat exchange square have been calculated. Friction resistance and the size of the cold water cistern have been calculated. These provide necessary academic foundation for the testing experimentation of high temperature and pressure ESP.

Monodisperse single nanodiamond particulates

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1365-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Ōsawa
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Detonation Nanodiamond ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
High Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
New Form ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

Detonation nanodiamond (DN) was discovered in 1963, but for several reasons was known only among a small number of scientists until the turn of the century. The most serious cause was the fact that primary nanocarbon particles formed by the "bottom-up method" are in general covalently bound together under high-temperature and -pressure conditions to form large agglutinates, which were difficult to separate by conventional methods. DN was not an exception. A breakthrough led to the isolation of primary particles having the expected size of 4-5 nm by wet-milling with zirconia micro-beads. Thus, long-waited primary particles of DN finally became available in kg quantities in the form of colloidal sol, gel, and readily redispersible flakes. Progress in the development of a new form of the old material is presented.

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