scholarly journals A paradox of traffic and extra cars in a city as a collective behaviour

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 201808
Author(s):  
Rafael Prieto Curiel ◽  
Humberto González Ramírez ◽  
Mauricio Quiñones Domínguez ◽  
Juan Pablo Orjuela Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Transportation Mode ◽  
Emergent Behaviour ◽  
Commuting Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Transport Method

Promoting walking or cycling and reducing cars’ use is one of the city planners’ main targets, contributing to a sustainable transport method. Yet, the number of vehicles worldwide is increasing as fast as the population, and motorized mobility has become the primary transport method in most cities. Here, we consider modal share as an emergent behaviour of personal decisions. All individuals minimize their commuting time and reach an equilibrium under which no person is willing to change their transportation mode. In terms of the minimum travel time, the best-case scenario is used to determine the extra commuting time and the excess cars, computed as a social inefficiency. Results show that commuting times could increase up to 25% with many more vehicles than optimum. Paradoxically, all individuals trying to minimize their time could collectively reach the maximum commuting times in the extreme case, with all individuals driving during rush hour.

scholarly journals Traffic Congestion in Dar es Salaam: Implications for Workers’ Productivity

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosea Mpogole ◽  
Samira Msangi
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Traffic Jam ◽  
Average Travel Time ◽  
Commuting Time ◽  
Travel Time Index ◽  
The City

Inadequately planned transport systems result to traffic congestion, a challenge that has for long been a thorn in Dar es Salaam, the city most affected in Tanzania. Although traffic congestion has been a major concern in Dar es Salaam, marked reluctance has been noticed in taking measures towards a lasting solution thus, it is of diminutive surprise that limited studies and documentations on the same are in existence. Therefore, this study assesses traffic congestion in Dar es Salaam and particularly its implications for workers’ productivity. Travel time and productivity indexes were established from a sample of 96 workers who used public transport along Morogoro and Mandela Roads. Travel time index (TTI) is the ratio of the average travel time during peak period to the travel time during off-peak period. Findings reveal that TTI was 2.19. Workers spent about 2 times of the average commuting time to work and 3 times of the same commuting from work to their various residences. About 2.5 hours were lost on traffic jam per day and that people worked 1.4 times less than the required time due to traffic congestion. It was further established that in 10 working days, almost 3 days were lost to traffic congestion. Since there are ongoing efforts to improve the transport system through the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project, it remains to be seen as to what extent traffic congestion will be reduced. In either case, this study provides a benchmark for comparisons.

Inter-city transport infrastructure and intra-city housing markets: Estimating the redistribution effect of high-speed rail in Shenzhen, China

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802110178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Chang ◽  
Mi Diao
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Local Effect ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Network Effect ◽  
Housing Values ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
The City ◽  
Redistribution Effect ◽  
Metro Network

This study analyses the changes in intra-city housing values in response to improved inter-city connection brought by high-speed rail (HSR), using the opening of the Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen Passenger Dedicated Line (HFSL) in Shenzhen, China, as an example. The opening of the HFSL and its integration into the local metro network at Shenzhen North Station provide exogenous intra-city variations in access to the surrounding economic mass. With a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the HFSL showed a negative local effect as housing values declined by 11.5%–13.3% in the proximity of Shenzhen North Station relative to areas further from the station after the opening, possibly due to the negative externalities of the HFSL. The HFSL effect can spread along the metro network and lead to, on average, a 7% appreciation of housing values around metro stations (network effect). The direction and strength of the network effect vary by metro travel time between Shenzhen North Station and metro stations. Housing values decreased by 7.7% around metro stations within 5–15 minutes of metro travel time but increased by 63.6%, 16.6% and 29.2% around metro stations within 15–25, 25–35 and 35–45 minutes of metro travel time to Shenzhen North Station, respectively. The HFSL effect on housing values diminishes when the rail travel time is above 45 minutes. We interpret these findings as evidence of the redistribution effect in the city related to HSR connection.

St. Philips Footbridge in Bristol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Beade-Pereda ◽  
Bogdan Barbulescu ◽  
John McElhinney
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Transport Network ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Steel Beam ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Great Western Railway ◽  
The City

<p>In 1840, the inauguration of the Great Western Railway in South England connecting London and Bristol, changed part of the outskirts of Bristol to a major railway hub and home of many rail-related activities. An area behind the station in between the railway, the River Avon and the Bath road, known as Temple Island, became restricted to rail use (workshops, depots or sheds) for more than 150 years, making it inaccessible and unattractive as the railway use decreased. The transformation of this area into a new centrally located neighbourhood is one of the most important urban development projects currently planned in Bristol. The new St Philips footbridge spans the River Avon, contributing to accessibility to the site and increasing the sustainable transport network of the city. The bridge, a 50m-span and 4-m wide steel beam with a forked geometry, seamlessly hosts a ramp for disabled and cyclists and a staircase to maximise functionality. The design approach to generate its shape was at the same time structural, aesthetical, and functional, innovatively solving a complex crossing problem.</p>

scholarly journals Evolution and the City

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (02) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Adrian Bejan
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Scientific Principle ◽  
The City ◽  
Natural Way ◽  
Do So

This article analyzes the organization of a city in terms of how well it enables humans to move from any point to the whole area. In accordance with Constructal Law, the natural way to assemble and connect a road and street network is to ensure that travel time is reduced at every turn and with every change in the flow design. The article also highlights that predicting the future and constructing changes based on a proven scientific principle is much faster and more economical than trial and error. Due to the modern technology, urban design expands not only outward, into suburbs, and inward, toward dense city centers, but also vertically. Experts suggest that if we can anticipate the urban features that emerge naturally from the need for greater access, we can plan ahead and design with confidence the features that not only serve the population, but do so with staying power. A city is a live flow system with freely changing architecture, many small streets, few large streets, and beltways.

scholarly journals Measuring when Uber behaves as a substitute or complement to transit: An examination of travel-time differences in Toronto

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mischa Young ◽  
Jeff Allen ◽  
Steven Farber
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Gap Filling ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
Transit Service ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The City

Policymakers in cities worldwide are trying to determine how ride-hailing services affect the ridership of traditional forms of public transportation. The level of convenience and comfort that these services provide is bound to take riders away from transit, but by operating in areas, or at times, when transit is less frequent, they may also be filling a gap left vacant by transit operations. These contradictory effects reveal why we should not merely categorize all ride-hailing services as a substitute or supplement to transit, and demonstrate the need to examine ride-hailing trips individually. Using data from the 2016 Transportation Tomorrow Survey in Toronto, we investigate the differences in travel-times between observed ride-hailing trips and their fastest transit alternatives. Ordinary least squares and ordered logistic regressions are used to uncover the characteristics that influence travel-time differences. We find that ride-hailing trips contained within the City of Toronto, pursued during peak hours, or for shopping purposes, are more likely to have transit alternatives of similar duration. Also, we find differences in travel-time often to be caused by transfers and lengthy walk- and wait-times for transit. Our results further indicate that 31% of ride-hailing trips in our sample have transit alternatives of similar duration (≤ 15 minute difference). These are particularly damaging for transit agencies as they compete directly with services that fall within reasonable expectations of transit service levels. We also find that 27% of ride-hailing trips would take at least 30 minutes longer by transit, evidence for significant gap-filling opportunity of ride-hailing services. In light of these findings, we discuss recommendations for ride-hailing taxation structures.

scholarly journals Accessibility to park in Łódź in view of individual transport, public transport and cycling

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Borowska-Stefańska ◽  
Szymon Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
City Center ◽  
The City

In this article, the goal was to assess spatial accessibility to the parks in Łódż for example of cycling, individual transport and public transport. Parks represent basic units of recreational greenery in the city. (Czerwieniec, Lewińska 2000). In Łódź are 43 parks, which are located mainly in the rail peripheral or right behind her (Jakóbczyk-Gryszkiewicz 2008). To determine the spatial accessibility to the parks in the analyzed city, were calculated the number and percentage of the population, which living in 2016 in isochrones: 0-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15-20; 20-25; 25-30 minutes from the parks. In the study were taken into account the different means of transport - car, bicycle and public. It was found that the most beneficial for the residents of the city is by bike. In the case of 3/4 of the population of Łódż travel time by bike to the park is less than 5 minutes. Bicycle and public transport provide access to the parks, the vast majority of inhabitants of the city in time to 5 minutes, while individual transport in time 5-10 minutes. Most preferably, due to the accessibility for the residents of the city, are located parks in the city center, and behind its borders, in turn, within the rail perimeter. Over there the population density is greatest, unfortunately, a small area of parks.

Dynamic Value Pricing on I-15 in San Diego: Impact on Travel Time and Its Reliability

2003 ◽  
Vol 1839 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Supernak ◽  
Christine Kaschade ◽  
Duane Steffey
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Time Profile ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
San Diego State University ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Value Pricing ◽  
Express Lanes

Selected results are presented of the Traffic Study, one of 12 studies conducted by San Diego State University for the I-15 Congestion (Value) Pricing Project in San Diego, a 3-year demonstration. The focus is on the project's impact on travel times and their distribution on both the main lanes and the express lanes of I-15 for both ExpressPass and FasTrak phases of the project. Specifically addressed is the issue of reliability of on-time arrival enjoyed by the FasTrak subscribers and the high variability of travel times for the I-15 travelers who use only main lanes of I-15 for their commute. Examination of the ramp and freeway delays shows that in the worst-case scenario, FasTrak subscribers who use express lanes can save up to 20 min avoiding delay on the I-15 main lanes. This finding agrees with the drivers’ perceptions about their time savings when using FasTrak. Travel-time changes during the duration of the project also are examined. There were substantial year-to-year changes in travel times along the I-15 main lanes and the I-8 lanes used as control. The travel-time profile along the I-15 main lanes differed significantly from the profile along I-8, the control corridor, in both a.m. and p.m. peak periods.

Ecosystem approach to the development of sustainable transport mobility in a metropolis

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Vadimovich Zavyalov ◽  
Nadezhda Borisovna Zavyalova ◽  
Olga Vitalievna Saginova
Keyword(s):  
Data Integration ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Operational Management ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Transport Mobility ◽  
The City

The article presents an analysis of the impact of urban transport on the environmental situation in the metropolis. A variant of the database modification based on the results of monitoring of the level of pollution of the atmosphere, soil mantle and water surface is proposed. Data integration will allow assessing the effectiveness of the measures applied in the city to reduce the negative impact of urban transport and make operational management decisions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document