scholarly journals Asymmetric contextual effects in age perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 200936
Author(s):  
Deema Awad ◽  
Colin W. G. Clifford ◽  
David White ◽  
Isabelle Mareschal
Keyword(s):  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Target Face ◽  
Age Bias ◽  
Perceived Age ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Age Perception

Perception is context dependent. For example, the perceived orientation of a bar changes depending on the presence of oriented bars around it. Contextual effects have also been demonstrated for more complex judgements, such as facial attractiveness or expression, although it remains unclear how these contextual facial effects depend on the types of faces surrounding the target face. To examine this, we measured the perceived age (a quantifiable measure) of a target face in the presence of differently aged faces in the surround. Using a unique database of standardized passport photos, participants were asked to estimate the age of a target face which was viewed either on its own or surrounded by two different identity flanker faces. The flanker faces were either both younger or both older than the target face, with different age offsets between flankers and targets of ±5, ±10, ±15, ±20 years. We find that when a target face is surrounded by younger faces, it systematically appears younger than when viewed on its own, and when it is surrounded by older faces, it systematically appears older than when viewed on its own. Surprisingly, we find that the magnitude of the flanker effects on perceived age of the target is asymmetric with younger flankers having a greater influence than older flankers, a result that may reflect the participants' own-age bias, since all participants were young. This result holds irrespective of gender or race of the faces and is consistent with averaging.

scholarly journals Contextual effects in age perception and the own-age bias

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin S Pilz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Target Face ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Age Bias ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Perception

Our judgement of certain facial characteristics such as emotion, attractiveness or age, is affected by context. Faces that are flanked by younger faces, for example, are perceived as being younger, whereas faces flanked by older faces are perceived as being older. Here, we investigated whether contextual effects in age perception are mediated by an own age bias. On each trial, a target face was presented on the screen, which was flanked by two faces. Flanker faces were either identical to the target face, were 10 years younger or 10 years older than the target face. We asked forty older (64-69 years) and forty-three younger adults (24-29) to estimate the age of the target face.Our results replicate previous studies and showed that context affects age estimation of faces flanked by target faces of different ages. These context effects were more pronounced for younger compared to older flankers but present across both tested age groups. An own-age bias was observed for unflanked faces such that older adults had larger estimation errors for younger faces compared to older faces and younger adults. Flanker effects, however, were not mediated by an own-age bias. It is likely that the increased effect of younger flankers is due to mechanisms related to perceptual averaging.

Communicative functions of parents’ child-directed speech across dyadic and triadic contexts

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Angana NANDY ◽  
Elizabeth NIXON ◽  
Jean QUIGLEY
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Parental Gender ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Structured Play

Abstract This study examined the roles of parental gender and context in the communicative functions of parents’ child-directed speech. Seventy three families with toddlers participated in the study. Dyadic and triadic parent-toddler interactions were videotaped during structured play activities. Results indicated context-dependent variability in parents’ facilitative speech and gentle guidance. Parental gender effects were observed in parents’ directive speech but no gender or contextual effects were observed in parents’ referential speech. Results suggest the need for a closer examination of parental gender and contextual factors related to parents’ speech functions.

scholarly journals Parallel progress in perceived age and life expectancy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich K. Steiner ◽  
Lisbeth Aagaard Larsen ◽  
Kaare Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Biological Age ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Biomarkers Of Aging ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Past Life ◽  
Perceived Age ◽  
Age Perception ◽  
Length Of Life

SummaryHuman life expectancy continues to rise in most populations. This rise not only leads to longer lives but is also accompanied by improved health at a given age, i.e. we see a reduction of biological age for a given chronological age in recent cohorts. Despite or even because of the diversity of biomarkers of aging, an accurate quantification of a general shift in biological age across time has been challenging. By comparing age perception of images taken in 2001 over a decade, we show that age perception changes substantially across time and parallels the progress in life expectancy. In 2012, people aged 70+ needed to look 2.3 years younger to be rated the same age as in 2002. Our results further suggest that age perception reflects the past life events better than predicts future length of life, i.e. it is written in your face how much you have aged so far, but does not predict well how fast you will age in the future. We draw this conclusion since age perception among elderly paralleled changes in life expectancy at birth but not changes in remaining life expectancies. We illustrate advantages of perceived age as a biomarker of aging and suggest that changes in age perception should be explored for younger age classes to inform on aging processes, including whether aging is delayed or slowed with increasing life expectancy.

scholarly journals THE AGE OF DESIGN - HOW USERS PERCEIVE THE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER WITHIN AUTOMOBILE GENERATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2981-2990
Author(s):  
Jonathan Max Kiessling ◽  
Franziska Kern ◽  
Florian Reichelt ◽  
Daniel Holder ◽  
Thomas Maier
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Brand Identity ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Brand Recognition ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Age Model ◽  
Perceived Age ◽  
Age Perception ◽  
Exterior Design

AbstractThe vehicle exterior design conveys a variety of visual information. Among these are the brand identity, assumed characteristics, and the vehicle's age or newness. While previous research focusses mainly on the first two attributes, we broaden the perspective by examining the age perception for vehicle model portfolios across brands.Information of age is embedded not only in branding but also in the entirety of a vehicle's exterior design features. Therefore, this paper examines how participants of a self-reported study perceive individual models inside successive product portfolios without typical branding. The stimulus patterns were derived from 12 different series of BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Audi and edited accordingly. A total of 67 models from the years 1968 to 2019 were presented and evaluated in terms of perceived age, model and brand recognition.The results show that most vehicles are perceived as newer than their actual age, successive model generations are clearly distinguishable and participants were able to sort all models in their correct chronological order. Finally, design-related age perception and knowledge-based age perception are introduced as possible underlying concepts of the visual perception of product age.

scholarly journals "Photo-video presentation of appearance" as a method of a person’s perceived age studying

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-117
Author(s):  
T.A. Shkurko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Video Presentation ◽  
Video Images ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Perceived Age ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Age Perception

The article proposes a procedure of "photo-video presentation of physical appearance" as a method of a person’s perceived age studying. It was developed on the basis of V.A. Labunskaya̕s socio-psychological approach to the appearance of a person, as well as on the world practice of perceived age studying. "Perceived age" is considered as a result of a person’s physical appearance perception. It is the object age perception, attributed to it by the perception subject. The physical appearance of a person and its components act as age markers, which can be studied by people of different age photos and video images presenting to subjects of perception (evaluators). The article discusses some methodological problems that arise in the study of person’s perceived age, namely: what to show (photo/video, face/body), to whom to show (experts / ordinary people, men/women, young/elderly) and to how many appraisers to show. In the article on the basis of modern research the number of methodological approaches to designing the sets of photos and video images of appearance to study person’s perceived age are proposed.

The Effect of Attention on Context Dependent Synesthetic Experiences

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher David Blair ◽  
Gideon Paul Caplovitz
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Context Dependent

Here we report the results of a brief experiment investigating the role of attention in mediating contextual effects on synesthetic experiences. Specifically, we examine a grapheme–color synesthete for whom the grapheme letter ‘O’ and number ‘0’ are associated with two very different colors. We presented the grapheme ‘0’ in an array of graphemes that provided ambiguous contextual cues, such that the same grapheme could be perceived either as the number ‘0’ or as the letter ‘O’. We find that an attentional cue that draws attention to one or the other of the contexts biases the perceived synesthetic color of the ‘0’ grapheme to that associated with the cued context. This is true even when the physical color of the grapheme corresponds to the un-cued context.

The effects of face attractiveness onpre-selective recruitment

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Pansu ◽  
Michel Dubois
Keyword(s):  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Relational Skills

The aim of this study was to determine how facial attractiveness of applicants influences pre-selective evaluation in two different occupational fields (one relational and one non-relational). A total of 224 participants (working individuals and students) were asked to judge a fictitious applicant based on a resumé (applicant’s qualifications: highly vs. less qualified) and a photograph (attractive vs. unattractive). Overall, the results showed that facial-attractiveness effects on interpersonal judgments are not absolute, and that their occurrence partly depends on the situation in which the judgments are made. Regardless of occupational field, when the applicants were highly qualified (whether attractive or unattractive) they were systematically judged positively, whereas in the case of less qualified applicants, facial attractiveness differentially affected judgments in the two occupational fields: less-qualified but attractive applicants were only judged more favorably than less-qualified and unattractive ones when the job involved relational skills.

Forming Impressions of Personality

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne Nauts ◽  
Oliver Langner ◽  
Inge Huijsmans ◽  
Roos Vonk ◽  
Daniël H. J. Wigboldus
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Context Dependent

Asch’s seminal research on “Forming Impressions of Personality” (1946) has widely been cited as providing evidence for a primacy-of-warmth effect, suggesting that warmth-related judgments have a stronger influence on impressions of personality than competence-related judgments (e.g., Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007 ; Wojciszke, 2005 ). Because this effect does not fit with Asch’s Gestalt-view on impression formation and does not readily follow from the data presented in his original paper, the goal of the present study was to critically examine and replicate the studies of Asch’s paper that are most relevant to the primacy-of-warmth effect. We found no evidence for a primacy-of-warmth effect. Instead, the role of warmth was highly context-dependent, and competence was at least as important in shaping impressions as warmth.

Memorial Consequences of Environmental Context Change in Children and Adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alp Aslan ◽  
Anuscheh Samenieh ◽  
Tobias Staudigl ◽  
Karl-Heinz T. Bäuml
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
First Graders ◽  
Fourth Graders ◽  
Environmental Context ◽  
Context Change ◽  
Context Dependent

Changing environmental context during encoding can influence episodic memory. This study examined the memorial consequences of environmental context change in children. Kindergartners, first and fourth graders, and young adults studied two lists of items, either in the same room (no context change) or in two different rooms (context change), and subsequently were tested on the two lists in the room in which the second list was encoded. As expected, in adults, the context change impaired recall of the first list and improved recall of the second. Whereas fourth graders showed the same pattern of results as adults, in both kindergartners and first graders no memorial effects of the context change arose. The results indicate that the two effects of environmental context change develop contemporaneously over middle childhood and reach maturity at the end of the elementary school days. The findings are discussed in light of both retrieval-based and encoding-based accounts of context-dependent memory.

Contextual Forgetting and Context Dependent Memory

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Herbert ◽  
Sharon Bertsch
Keyword(s):  
Context Dependent
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