scholarly journals Make or break it: boundary conditions for integrating multiple elements in episodic memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 200431
Author(s):  
Emma James ◽  
Gabrielle Ong ◽  
Lisa M. Henderson ◽  
Aidan J. Horner
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Presentation Format ◽  
Memory Integration ◽  
Trial Length ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Picture Stimuli ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Person Location

Event memories are characterized by the holistic retrieval of their constituent elements. Studies show that memory for individual event elements (e.g. person, object and location) are statistically related to each other, and that the same associative memory structure can be formed by learning all pairwise associations across separated encoding contexts (person–object, person–location, object–location). Counter to previous studies that have shown no differences in holistic retrieval between simultaneously and separately encoded event elements, adults did not show evidence of holistic retrieval from separately encoded event elements when using a similar paradigm adapted for children (Experiment 1). We conducted a further five online experiments to explore the conditions under which holistic retrieval emerges following separated encoding of within-event associations, testing for influences of trial length (Experiment 2), the number of events learned (Experiment 3a) and stimulus presentation format (Experiments 3b, 4a, 4b). Presentation of written words was optimal for integrating elements across encoding trials, whereas the addition of spoken words disrupted integration across separately presented associations. The use of picture stimuli also produced effect sizes smaller than those of previously published research. We discuss the ways in which memory integration processes may be disrupted by these differences in presentation format. The findings have practical implications for the utility of this paradigm across research and learning contexts.

scholarly journals Make or break it: Boundary conditions for integrating multiple elements in episodic memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma James ◽  
Gabrielle Ong ◽  
Lisa Henderson ◽  
Aidan J Horner
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Presentation Format ◽  
Memory Integration ◽  
Trial Length ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Picture Stimuli ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Person Location

Event memories are characterised by the holistic retrieval of their constituent elements. Studies show that memory for individual event elements (e.g., person, object, and location) are statistically related to each other, and that the same associative memory structure can be formed by learning all pairwise associations across separated encoding contexts (person-object, person-location, object-location). Counter to previous studies that have shown no differences in holistic retrieval between simultaneously and separately encoded event elements, adults did not show evidence of holistic retrieval from separately encoded event elements when using a similar paradigm adapted for children (Experiment 1). We conducted a further five online experiments to explore the conditions under which holistic retrieval emerges following separated encoding of within-event associations, testing for influences of trial length (Experiment 2), the number of events learned (Experiment 3a), and stimulus presentation format (Experiments 3b, 4a, 4b). Presentation of written words was optimal for integrating elements across encoding trials, whereas the addition of spoken words disrupted integration across separately presented associations. Use of picture stimuli also produced effect sizes smaller than those of previously published research. We discuss the ways in which memory integration processes may be disrupted by these differences in presentation format. The findings have practical implications for the utility of this paradigm across research and learning contexts.

scholarly journals What people study when they study Tumblr

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Attu ◽  
Melissa Terras
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Form ◽  
Media Research ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Social Networking Website ◽  
Conference Papers ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Since its launch in 2007, research has been carried out on the popular social networking website Tumblr. The purpose of this paper is to identify published Tumblr-based research, classify it to understand approaches and methods, and provide methodological recommendations for others. Design/methodology/approach Research regarding Tumblr was identified. Following a review of the literature, a classification scheme was adapted and applied, to understand research focus. Papers were quantitatively classified using open coded content analysis of method, subject, approach, and topic. Findings The majority of published work relating to Tumblr concentrates on conceptual issues, followed by aspects of the messages sent. This has evolved over time. Perceived benefits are the platform’s long-form text posts, ability to track tags, and the multimodal nature of the platform. Severe research limitations are caused by the lack of demographic, geo-spatial, and temporal metadata attached to individual posts, the limited Advanced Programming Interface, restricted access to data, and the large amounts of ephemeral posts on the site. Research limitations/implications This study focusses on Tumblr: the applicability of the approach to other media is not considered. The authors focus on published research and conference papers: there will be book content which was not found using the method. Tumblr as a platform has falling user numbers which may be of concern to researchers. Practical implications The authors identify practical barriers to research on the Tumblr platform including lack of metadata and access to big data, explaining why Tumblr is not as popular as Twitter in academic studies. Social implications This paper highlights the breadth of topics covered by social media researchers, which allows us to understand popular online platforms. Originality/value There has not yet been an overarching study to look at the methods and purpose of those who study Tumblr. The authors identify Tumblr-related research papers from the first appearing in 2011 July until 2015 July. The classification derived here provides a framework that can be used to analyse social media research, and in which to position Tumblr-related work, with recommendations on benefits and limitations of the platform for researchers.

Experimenter-Expectancy Phenomenon: Experience of E, Mechanical vs Manual Stimulus Presentation and IQ vs Success-Failure Judgments

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh McGinley ◽  
Pat McGinley ◽  
Robert Murray
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Picture Stimuli ◽  
Experimenter Expectancy

50 Es obtained person perception data from 576 Ss. In Phase I, 2 experienced Es obtained IQ and success-failure (SF) judgments from 50 male and 50 female Ss about 10 women whose pictures they viewed. In Phase II, 48 inexperienced Es obtained IQ and SF judgments from 476 female Ss. The independent variables in Phase II were 0 or +5 expectancy, mechanical or manual presentation of picture stimuli, IQ or SF judgments, and order of expectancy inducement. Results showed only a judgment effect, higher ratings for SF than IQ. Questionnaire data showed that Ss whose data were collected by experienced Es felt that SF judgments were easier to make than did Ss whose data were collected by inexperienced Es. They also felt more strongly that SF judgments could be made by looking at a picture of a person, were more confident in their judgments and rated the instructions as clearer.

Approaches to Tourism Research and Higher Education in Slovakia after 2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Marian Gúčik ◽  
Matúš Marciš
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Project Analysis ◽  
Tourism Education ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse the development and trends of tourism research and education in Slovakia. Its partial objective is (1) to present the development of tourism research before and after socio-political changes in Slovakia in 1990, and (2) to evaluate the trends in tourism research according to research projects and related dissertation and habilitation theses from 2010 to 2020. Methods. Based on a critical review of the research project, analysis of dissertation and habilitation theses, in the article, we examine trends in tourism research and education at academic institutions that have been focused on tourism between the years 2010 and 2020. Findings. In the article, a brief overview of tourism research and higher education in Slovakia is presented and based on the research projects and related dissertations and habilitation theses identifying trends in tourism research. Research and conclusions limitations. Research limitations concern data availability regarding trends in tourism research as well as the application of the literature review method, which solely relies on previously published research and the availability of these studies. Practical implications. In the article, possible further directions for tourism research in Slovakia are proposed. Originality. In the article, we present the approaches to tourism research and higher education in Slovakia after 2010. The development and history, as well as trends in tourism research, require more attention from tourism researchers. Without systematic tourism research in the past, there would be no present or future of tourism education. Type of paper. Empirical research.

scholarly journals Emotions as core building blocks of an experience

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Bastiaansen ◽  
Xander Dennis Lub ◽  
Ondrej Mitas ◽  
Timothy Hyungsoo Jung ◽  
Mário Passos Ascenção ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Constituent Element ◽  
Temporal Succession ◽  
Leisure Industry ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThis paper aims to stimulate the discussion in the fields of hospitality, tourism and leisure on what exactly constitutes “an experience” and how to measure it; the authors unpack the experience construct into its core constituent elements, namely, emotions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience that define experiences as a fine-grained temporal succession of emotions that occur during an experiential episode. Limitations of current methods for measuring experiences are discussed, after which biometric and neuroscientific methods are reviewed that are optimally geared toward measuring emotions, as they occur during an experience with fine temporal detail.FindingsAn overview is presented of the available studies within the fields of hospitality, tourism and leisure that use these methodologies. These studies show that using these methodologies provides a fruitful methodological approach to measuring experiences in real time.Practical implicationsCompanies are constantly seeking to create memorable experiences for their customers. The proposed research methodologies allow companies to get a more fine-grained image of what impacts customers over the course of their experience and to actively integrate the use of emotions into creating experiences, as emotions are key to making them memorable.Originality/valueThe paper sketches the contours of a rapidly emerging framework that unpacks memorable experiences into their constituent element – emotions. It is proposed that this will contribute to a deeper understanding of how consumers experience offerings in the hospitality, tourism and leisure industry.

scholarly journals Takāful demand: a review of selected literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-455
Author(s):  
Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin ◽  
Razali Haron
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Develop Market ◽  
Islamic Insurance ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to provide a systematic review of literature on the demand for takāful (Islamic insurance) from articles published from January 2009 to June 2019. The review aims to synthesise and segment previously published research to identify the gaps and provide future research direction. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Past research was analysed, and content comparisons based on research focus, context and methodology were evaluated. Findings It was found that not much has been written and published on takāful demand in quality journals. The first two articles were published in 2009, but it was only in 2017 that coverage of the topic rapidly expanded. Although no article was found to have been published in 2018 on takāful demand, there was one published article on the topic in 2019. This paper also found that not much attention has been given to takāful demand from the corporate sector. Research limitations/implications The defined rule for document searching and selection excluded out-of-scope documents that might be relevant. Furthermore, as this paper concentrates exclusively on articles published in English journals, the possibility that other relevant works do appear elsewhere in a different language is not denied. Practical implications Factors determining takāful demand are provided, and general directions are discussed, which managers can use to develop market share further. Originality/value Such an extensive review of literature on takāful demand has not been done before. Other than revealing ambiguities, gaps and contradictions in the literature, this paper sketches an avenue for further research. It also provides information and guidance for other researchers wishing to embark on research on takāful demand.

scholarly journals Foreign Object Insertion in Sexual Homicide: A New Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052097620
Author(s):  
Eric Beauregard ◽  
Julien Chopin ◽  
Rajan Darjee
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Foreign Object ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Unusual Behavior ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sexual Homicide ◽  
Sexual Activities ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Practical Implications

Foreign object insertion (FOI) is considered as an unusual behavior and has been defined as the involuntary insertion of any object, by another individual, into any orifice of the victim. Although there is some research on the prevalence and nature of FOI in sexual homicides, there is very little on the characteristics of cases where FOI occurs, and no previous research has compared cases with and without FOI. Given the lack of research on FOI in general and the dissemination of untested ideas regarding the correlates of this behavior specifically, the current study aims to shine new light on sexual homicide cases involving FOI by examining the offender, victim, and crime characteristics associated with FOI. Using a sample of 662 cases of sexual homicide, chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to compare cases with and without FOI. Results showed that offenders who experienced sexual dysfunction and victims who used alcohol/drugs prior to the crime were more likely to be involved in cases with FOI. Cases where victims were beaten, vaginal/anal fisting acts were perpetrated, and mutilation of genitals were observed, were more likely to show evidence of FOI. Finally, postmortem sexual activities and the use of strategies by offenders to avoid police detection were also more likely to occur in sexual homicide cases characterized by FOI. These findings are discussed in light of the literature on sexual homicide, the vulnerability of victims, and the manifestation of sadism. Practical implications are also discussed.

The practice of the development of researchers: the “state-of-the-art”

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Bromley ◽  
Lorna Warnock
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Body ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Creativity And Innovation ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose In this review paper, the authors are particularly interested in the growth in the scholarly investigation of the efficacy of developmental interventions for doctoral and early career researchers. This paper aims to provide a “State of the Art” overview of the emerging fields of research and suggest areas that command more research. Design/methodology/approach A foundation of key disseminations relating to the new discipline has become established, and it is the outputs of these that the authors look to first in their review. However, much of the work is reported in the proceedings of two specific conferences, known to the authors and does not appear in database searches, which results in a concentration of research in two specific countries, namely, the UK and Australia. Relatively little is found from database searches, however approached, but the authors also report on this work. Findings There is a general gap in the depth of the body of work in all areas of literature relating to research on the practice of developing researchers. We have identified specific areas as the most limited in terms of the body of published research including research governance; work life balance; engagement influence and impact training and creativity and innovation training. Research limitations/implications There is much work as yet unpublished and the practice of rigorous study and publication is not yet generally embedded in this research discipline. Practical implications Without the depth of rigorous and robust findings of research to provide us with evidence of good practice, the emergent discipline will struggle to have integrity in its practice. Continued growth in research in this emergent discipline is essential. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first review of its kind looking at the published research in respect of the development of researchers.

Consumer perceptions of cause related marketing campaigns

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk C. Moosmayer ◽  
Alexandre Fuljahn
Keyword(s):  
Firm Behavior ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Consumer Perception ◽  
Consumer Attitude ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cause Related Marketing ◽  
Gender Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeBy replicating two seminal studies on cause‐related marketing (CRM) campaigns, this paper aims to investigate the influence of gender and of donation size on consumer perception of firm behavior, consumer attitude to product, consumer goodwill toward the CRM campaign, consumer perception of the benefit to the NPO, and consumer attitude toward CRM.Design/methodology/approachAn online experiment was conducted with 306 students from a German university to evaluate their responses to a CRM campaign. The presented campaign supported a German children's charity, and varied with regard to donation size.FindingsConsumer perception of firm behavior, consumer goodwill toward the CRM campaign, and consumer attitude to product vary significantly by gender. Donation size has a significant influence on consumer goodwill toward the CRM campaign and on consumer perception of the benefit to the NPO. The impact of donation size is rooted in external perceptions, and partly moderated by gender.Research limitations/implicationsThe chosen non‐forced stimulus presentation may overestimate the measured impact. The applied stimuli may underlie specific gender characteristics that influence responses. Further research might thus apply forced stimulus exposure designs to a broader set of causes and products.Practical implicationsResults imply that CRM campaigns promise to be particularly suitable for promoting products to women. When addressing men, small donations appear to be sufficient.Originality/valueThe authors expand existing research in three ways. Campaign impact is differentiated by consumer attitudes toward the company, toward the product, and toward the NPO. The article shows that the impact of donation size is gender‐specific. By investigating CRM response in Germany, the study regionally expands existing research.

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