scholarly journals Do longitudinal studies support long-term relationships between aggressive game play and youth aggressive behaviour? A meta-analytic examination

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 200373
Author(s):  
Aaron Drummond ◽  
James D. Sauer ◽  
Christopher J. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Effects ◽  
Youth Aggression

Whether video games with aggressive content contribute to aggressive behaviour in youth has been a matter of contention for decades. Recent re-evaluation of experimental evidence suggests that the literature suffers from publication bias, and that experimental studies are unable to demonstrate compelling short-term effects of aggressive game content on aggression. Long-term effects may still be plausible, if less-systematic short-term effects accumulate into systematic effects over time. However, longitudinal studies vary considerably in regard to whether they indicate long-term effects or not, and few analyses have considered what methodological factors may explain this heterogeneity in outcomes. The current meta-analysis included 28 independent samples including approximately 21 000 youth. Results revealed an overall effect size for this population of studies ( r = 0.059) with no evidence of publication bias. Effect sizes were smaller for longer longitudinal periods, calling into question theories of accumulated effects, and effect sizes were lower for better-designed studies and those with less evidence for researcher expectancy effects. In exploratory analyses, studies with more best practices were statistically indistinguishable from zero ( r = 0.012, 95% confidence interval: −0.010, 0.034). Overall, longitudinal studies do not appear to support substantive long-term links between aggressive game content and youth aggression. Correlations between aggressive game content and youth aggression appear better explained by methodological weaknesses and researcher expectancy effects than true effects in the real world.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Nonconsciously Processed Ambient Scents in a Servicescape: Findings From Two Field Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Girard ◽  
Marcel Lichters ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Dipayan Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Ambient Scents ◽  
Short Term Effects

Ambient scents are being increasingly used in different service environments. While there is emerging research on the effects of scents, almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of consumers’ repeated exposure to ambient scents in a service environment as prior studies on ambient scents have been lab or field studies examining short-term effects of scent exposure only. Addressing this limitation, we examine the short- and long-term effects of ambient scents. Specifically, we present a conceptual framework for the short- and long-term effects of nonconsciously processed ambient scent in olfactory-rich servicescapes. We empirically test this framework with the help of two large-scale field experiments, conducted in collaboration with a major German railway company, in which consumers were exposed to a pleasant, nonconsciously processed scent. The first experiment demonstrates ambient scent’s positive short-term effects on consumers’ service perceptions. The second experiment—a longitudinal study conducted over a 4-month period—examines scent’s long-term effects on consumers’ reactions and demonstrates that the effects persist even when the scent has been removed from the servicescape.

Early Contact and Maternal-Infant Bonding: One Decade Later

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-768
Author(s):  
Michael E. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Maternal Bonding ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Skin To Skin ◽  
Short Term Effects

In the last decade, there has been considerable speculation concerning the importance of early skin-to-skin contact between parturient mothers and neonates. This contact is viewed as crucial to the occurrence of maternal bonding, which is seen as a precursor of optimal maternal behavior and thus as a necessary antecedent of optimal child development. In the present review, these conclusions are shown to have been based on equivocal findings obtained in methodologically impoverished studies. Although early contact may have modest but beneficial short-term effects in some circumstances, no positive long-term effects have been demonstrated.

scholarly journals Specific versus Non-Specific Exercises for Chronic Neck or Shoulder Pain: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 5946
Author(s):  
Lirios Dueñas ◽  
Marta Aguilar-Rodríguez ◽  
Lennard Voogt ◽  
Enrique Lluch ◽  
Filip Struyf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Pain Reduction ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Specific Exercise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Effects

The current systematic review aimed to compare the effect of injury-focused (specific) exercises versus more general (non-specific) exercises on pain in patients with chronic neck or shoulder pain. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Two reviewers screened and selected studies, extracted outcomes, assessed risk of bias, and rated the quality of evidence. A total of nine eligible studies, represented in 13 articles, were identified, with a considerable risk of bias. One article investigated the acute effect of single bouts of exercise on pain and reported an immediate pain reduction after non-specific exercise. Regarding short-term effects, seven out of the nine studies found no differences in pain between interventions, with inconsistent results among two other studies. Concerning the long-term effects, while pain reduction seems to be favored by specific exercises (two out of four articles), the best format is still unclear. Based on the acute effects, a single bout of non-specific exercise seems to be a better option for pain-relief for patients with chronic neck or shoulder pain. For short-term effects, there are no differences in pain between specific and non-specific exercises. Regarding long-term effects, specific exercises seem to be the best option. Nevertheless, more studies are warranted.

scholarly journals Short-Term Effects of Drying-Rewetting and Long-Term Effects of Nutrient Loading on Periphyton N:P Stoichiometry

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Sola ◽  
Luca Marazzi ◽  
Monica Flores ◽  
John Kominoski ◽  
Evelyn Gaiser
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N:P Stoichiometry ◽  
Short Term Effects
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