scholarly journals The impact of within-vector parasite development on the extrinsic incubation period

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 192173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Childs ◽  
Olivia F. Prosper
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Extrinsic Incubation Period ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Full Life ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Parasite Dynamics

Mosquito-borne diseases, in particular malaria, have a significant burden worldwide leading to nearly half a million deaths each year. The malaria parasite requires a vertebrate host, such as a human, and a vector host, the Anopheles mosquito, to complete its full life cycle. Here, we focus on the parasite dynamics within the vector to examine the first appearance of sporozoites in the salivary glands, which indicates a first time of infectiousness of mosquitoes. The timing of this period of pathogen development in the mosquito until transmissibility, known as the extrinsic incubation period, remains poorly understood. We develop compartmental models of within-mosquito parasite dynamics fitted with experimental data on oocyst and sporozoite counts. We find that only a fraction of oocysts burst to release sporozoites and bursting must be delayed either via a time-dependent function or a gamma-distributed set of compartments. We use Bayesian inference to estimate distributions of parameters and determine that bursting rate is a key epidemiological parameter. A better understanding of the factors impacting the extrinsic incubation period will aid in the development of interventions to slow or stop the spread of malaria.

Summary and Conclusions of the Full Life-Cycle of the WindFloat FOWT Prototype Project

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Roddier ◽  
Christian Cermelli ◽  
Alexia Aubault ◽  
Antoine Peiffer
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Northern Portugal ◽  
Full Life ◽  
The Impact

The WindFloat prototype is a semisubmersible type foundation supporting a 2 MW, 3 bladed, horizontal axis Vestas V-80 turbine. The 8-year project is near its completion. After 3 years of planning, engineering and fabrication, the prototype was installed in 2011 in the northern Portugal Atlantic waters. Following 5 years of operations and electricity production, the unit was decommissioned in the summer of 2016. This paper retraces the prototype project going back to the early objectives, focusing on its 5-year performance and lessons learned. The overall assessment of the impact of the prototype on the incoming pre-commercial projects is discussed. Some emphasis is placed on both the decommissioning of the unit and the economics of the project, as these have not yet been published.

Vector survival and parasite infection: the effect of Wuchereria bancrofti on its vector Culex quinquefasciatus

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. KRISHNAMOORTHY ◽  
S. SUBRAMANIAN ◽  
G. J. VAN OORTMARSSEN ◽  
J. D. F. HABBEMA ◽  
P. K. DAS
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Infected Mosquito ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Extrinsic Incubation Period ◽  
Parasite Loss

This paper investigates a cohort of 2187 laboratory reared Culex quinquefasciatus fed on 69 human volunteers, including 59 persons with different levels of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and 10 without microfilaria. Mosquitoes were followed until death. Mosquito survival was analysed in relation to the level of microfilaria in the human and larval count in the dead mosquito. Vector mortality during the extrinsic incubation period (12 days post-engorgement) was significantly higher in mosquitoes fed on microfilaraemic volunteers (50%) than in those fed on amicrofilaraemics (29%). Both the percentage infected and the geometric mean parasite density was significantly higher among mosquitoes which died before 13 days (45% infected and 10 larvae per infected mosquito) than those surviving beyond 13 days (39% and 2·2), suggesting a parasite loss of more than 80% during the extrinsic incubation period. A large proportion (62%) of the mosquitoes that died during the early of phase of parasite development were infected (36% in low, 26% in medium and 90% in high human Mf-density). Survival analysis showed that the parasite load in mosquitoes and the human Mf-density for a given parasite load are independent risk factors of vector survival. Overall, the hazard of dying was found to be 11–15 times higher among mosquitoes fed on microfilaraemic volunteers than those fed on amicrofilaraemics. The hazard doubles for every increase of about 60–70 parasites in the vector. As a consequence of the parasite-induced reduction in vector survival, the transmission success of the parasite is reduced. The implication of the results on control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis using mass-drug administration is discussed.

Report on first time reproductive success from full life-cycle culture of Kaluga sturgeon females (Huso dauricus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 550-553
Author(s):  
W. Li ◽  
Z. Shi ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
J. Liu ◽  
S. Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Full Life ◽  
First Time

scholarly journals A unifying framework for the transient parasite dynamics of migratory hosts

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (20) ◽  
pp. 10897-10903
Author(s):  
Stephanie J. Peacock ◽  
Martin Krkošek ◽  
Mark A. Lewis ◽  
Péter K. Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migratory Patterns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Parasite Dynamics ◽  
Migratory Wildlife

Migrations allow animals to track seasonal changes in resources, find mates, and avoid harsh climates, but these regular, long-distance movements also have implications for parasite dynamics and animal health. Migratory animals have been dubbed “superspreaders” of infection, but migration can also reduce parasite burdens within host populations via migratory escape from contaminated habitats and transmission hotspots, migratory recovery due to parasite mortality, and migratory culling of infected individuals. Here, we show that a single migratory host–macroparasite model can give rise to these different phenomena under different parametrizations, providing a unifying framework for a mechanistic understanding of the parasite dynamics of migratory animals. Importantly, our model includes the impact of parasite burden on host movement capability during migration, which can lead to “parasite-induced migratory stalling” due to a positive feedback between increasing parasite burdens and reduced movement. Our results provide general insight into the conditions leading to different health outcomes in migratory wildlife. Our approach lays the foundation for tactical models that can help understand, predict, and mitigate future changes of disease risk in migratory wildlife that may arise from shifting migratory patterns, loss of migratory behavior, or climate effects on parasite development, mortality, and transmission.

Transformer Selection Research Based on Blind Number Theory

2014 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 159-162
Author(s):  
Xue Bing Zheng ◽  
Ran Li
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Power Company ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Blind Number ◽  
Full Life ◽  
Selection Research ◽  
The Impact

For a long time, the power company is always concerned about acquisition costs in power equipment selection and ignores the impact of operating costs on the selection decision. Thus, the selection model has a certain one-sidedness. In this paper, the life cycle costs theory is applied to the transformer selection, which consider transformer initial investment costs, operation and maintenance costs, technological overhaul costs, the cost of failure and scrap disposal costs in full life cycle more comprehensively. The result not only gives the transformer blind number expectations of full life cycle cost, but also can give the credibility of different costs interval and have a certain reference value.

Relationship between big five personality model and abusive supervision

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibi Tahira ◽  
Naveed Saif ◽  
Muhammad Haroon ◽  
Sadaqat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Abusive Supervision ◽  
State Universities ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Big Five Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Supervisor Behavior ◽  
Moderating Role

The current study tries to understand the diverse nature of relationship between personality Big Five Model (PBFM) and student's perception of abusive supervision in higher education institutions of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Pakistan. Data was collected in dyads i.e. (supervisors were asked to rate their personality attributes while student were asked to rate the supervisor behavior) through adopted construct. For this purpose, data was collected from three government state universities and one Private Sector University. The focus was on MS/M.Phill and PhD student and their supervisors of the mentioned universities. After measuring normality and validity regression analysis was conducted to assess the impact of supervisor personality characteristics that leads to abusive supervision. Findings indicate interestingly that except agreeableness other four attributes of (PBFM) are play their role for abusive supervision. The results are novel in the nature as for the first time Neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion and conscientiousness are held responsible for the abusive supervision. The study did not explore the demographic characteristics, and moderating role of organizational culture, justice and interpersonal deviances to understand the strength of relationship in more detail way. Keywords: Personality big five model, abusive supervision, HEIs

The Influence of TRIPS Compliant Patent Laws on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupesh Rastogi ◽  
Virendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Patent Laws ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

The first legislation in India relating to patents was the Act VI of 1856. The Indian Patents and Design Act, 1911 (Act II of 1911) replaced all the previous Acts. The Act brought patent administration under the management of Controller of Patents for the first time. After Independence, it was felt that the Indian Patents & Designs Act, 1911 was not fulfilling its objective. Various comities were constituted to recommend, framing a patent law which can fulfill the requirement of Indian Industry and people. The Indian Patent Act of 1970 was enacted to achieve the above objectives. The major provisions of the act, provided for process, not the product patents in food, medicines, chemicals with a term of 14 years and 5-7 for chemicals and drugs. The Act enabled Indian citizens to access cheapest medicines in the world and paved a way for exponential growth of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. TRIPS agreement, which is one of the important results of the Uruguay Round, mandated strong patent protection, especially for pharmaceutical products, thereby allowing the patenting of NCEs, compounds and processes. India is thereby required to meet the minimum standards under the TRIPS Agreement in relation to patents and the pharmaceutical industry. India’s patent legislation must now include provisions for availability of patents for both pharmaceutical products and processes inventions. The present paper examines the impact of change in Indian Patent law on Pharmaceutical Industry.

The impact of traditional plants and their secondary metabolites in the discovery of COVID-19 treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabana Bibi ◽  
Ayesha Sarfraz ◽  
Ghazala Mustafa ◽  
Zeeshan Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Aurang Zeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Test System ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
System Type ◽  
The Family ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Plant Sources

Background: Coronavirus Disease-2019 belongs to the family of viruses which cause a serious pneumonia along with fever, breathing issues and infection of lungs for the first time in China and later spread worldwide. Objective: Several studies and clinical trials have been conducted to identify potential drugs and vaccines for Coronavirus Disease-2019. The present study listed natural secondary metabolites identified from plant sources with antiviral properties and could be safer and tolerable treatment for Coronavirus Disease-2019. Methods: A comprehensive search on the reported studies was conducted using different search engine such as Google scholar, SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Medline PubMed, and Scopus for the collection of research articles based on plantderived secondary metabolites, herbal extracts, and traditional medicine for coronavirus infections. Results: Status of COVID-19 worldwide and information of important molecular targets involved in COVID-19 is described and through literature search, is highlighted that numerous plant species and their extracts possess antiviral properties and studied with respect to Coronavirus treatments. Chemical information, plant source, test system type with mechanism of action for each secondary metabolite is also mentioned in this review paper. Conclusion: The present review has listed plants that have presented antiviral potential in the previous coronavirus pandemics and their secondary metabolites which could be significant for the development of novel and a safer drug which could prevent and cure coronavirus infection worldwide.

Individual and Combined Assessment of Ser680Asn FSH Receptor and FSHβ -211 G>T Gene Polymorphisms in Ovarian Response in IVF/ICSI Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elli Anagnostou ◽  
Alexia Kafkoutsou ◽  
Despina Mavrogianni ◽  
Ekaterini Domali ◽  
Evangelia Dimitroulia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Greek Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Β Subunit ◽  
Molecular Genetic Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Background: Molecular biology tools, such as the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been considered to assist to the management of the ovarian stimulation protocols. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of two polymorphisms, the Asn680Ser polymorphism of the FSHR gene, and the FSH β subunit (FSHβ) gene polymorphism -211 G>T, in a Greek population of women undergoing IVF/ICSI program in our center. In addition, a control group of fertile women was studied, to verify whether there are differences in the genotype distribution between fertile and infertile population for both polymorphisms, as the FSHβ gene polymorphism -211 G>T is studied for the first time in the Greek population. Results : The FSH β-211 G>T polymorphism, studied for the first time in the Greek infertile population, appears to be quite rare. When studying the two polymorphisms separately, statistically significant differences were obtained that concerned the LH levels. Discussion: According to the combination analysis of the two polymorphisms by the number of alleles, women with 2-3 polymorphic alleles needed more days of stimulation, but there were no differences in pregnancy rates. Conclusion: This molecular genetic study helps to elucidate whether the polygenic combination of the Asn680Ser and FSH β subunit -211 G>T gene polymorphisms is of additive value in the prediction of ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins.

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