scholarly journals Long-term consistency of personality traits of cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 191849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather W. Neave ◽  
Joao H. C. Costa ◽  
Daniel M. Weary ◽  
Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Over Time

Personality is often defined as the behaviour of individual animals that is consistent across contexts and over time. Personality traits may become unstable during stages of ontogeny from infancy to adulthood, especially during major periods of development such as around the time of sexual maturation. The personality of domesticated farm animals has links with productivity, health and welfare, but to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the development and stability of personality traits across developmental life stages in a mammalian farm animal species. Here, we describe the consistency of personality traits across ontogeny in dairy cattle from neonate to first lactation as an adult. The personality traits ‘bold’ and ‘exploratory’, as measured by behavioural responses to novelty, were highly consistent during the earlier (before and after weaning from milk) and later (after puberty to first lactation) rearing periods, but were not consistent across these rearing periods when puberty occurred. These findings indicate that personality changes in cattle around sexual maturation are probably owing to major physiological changes that are accelerated under typical management conditions at this time. This work contributes to the understanding of the ontogeny of behaviour in farm animals, especially how and why individuals differ in their behaviour.

scholarly journals Disentangling niche theory and beta diversity change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Godsoe ◽  
Peter J Bellingham ◽  
Elena Moltchanova
Keyword(s):  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Price Equation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Habitat Specialists ◽  
Montane Tropical Forest ◽  
Ecological Drift ◽  
Over Time

Beta diversity describes the differences in species composition among communities. Changes in beta diversity over time are thought to be due to selection based on species' niche characteristics. For example, theory predicts that selection that favours habitat specialists will increase beta diversity. In practice, ecologists struggle to predict how beta diversity changes. To remedy this problem, we propose a novel solution that formally measures selection's effects on beta diversity. Using the Price equation, we show how change in beta diversity over time can be partitioned into fundamental mechanisms including selection among species, variable selection among communities, drift, and immigration. A key finding of our approach is that a species' short-term impact on beta diversity cannot be predicted using information on its long-term environmental requirements (i.e. its niche). We illustrate how our approach can be used to partition causes of diversity change in a montane tropical forest before and after an intense hurricane. Previous work in this system highlighted the resistance of habitat specialists and the recruitment of light-demanding species but was unable to quantify the importance of these effects on beta diversity. Using our approach, we show that changes in beta diversity were consistent with ecological drift. We use these results to highlight the opportunities presented by a synthesis of beta diversity and formal models of selection.

scholarly journals Increased Psychopathology and Maladaptive Personality Traits, But Normal Cognitive Functioning, In Patients after Long-Term Cure of Acromegaly

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 778-779
Author(s):  
Jitske Tiemensma ◽  
Nienke R. Biermasz ◽  
Roos C. van der Mast ◽  
Moniek J. E. Wassenaar ◽  
Huub A. M. Middelkoop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Irreversible Effects

ABSTRACT Objective Active acromegaly is associated with psychopathology, personality changes, and cognitive dysfunction. It is unknown whether, and to what extent, these effects are present after long-term cure of acromegaly. Aim The aim of the study was to assess psychopathology, personality traits, and cognitive function in patients after long-term cure of acromegaly. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Patients and Methods We studied 68 patients after long-term cure (13 ± 1 yr) of acromegaly and 68 matched controls. We compared these data with 60 patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFMAs) and 60 matched controls. Psychopathology was assessed using the Apathy Scale, Irritability Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire short-form and personality by the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology short-form (DAPP). Cognitive function was assessed by 11 tests. Results Compared with matched controls, patients cured from acromegaly scored significantly worse on virtually all psychopathology questionnaires and on several subscales of the DAPP. Compared with NFMA patients, patients cured from acromegaly scored worse on negative affect (P = 0.050) and somatic arousal (P = 0.009) and seven of 18 subscales of the DAPP (P < 0.05). Cognitive function in patients cured from acromegaly did not differ from matched controls or patients treated for NFMA. Conclusion Patients with long-term cure of acromegaly show a higher prevalence of psychopathology and maladaptive personality traits but not cognitive dysfunction, compared with matched controls and patients treated for NFMA. These results suggest irreversible effects of previous GH excess, rather than effects of pituitary adenomas per se and/or their treatment, on the central nervous system.

Personality Traits During Depression and After Clinical Recovery

1994 ◽  
Vol 164 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Peselow ◽  
Michael P. Sanfilipo ◽  
Ronald R. Fieve ◽  
Gary Gulbenkian
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Recovery ◽  
Treatment Dose ◽  
Characteristic Modes ◽  
Before And After

We investigated whether and how acute depressive symptoms affect the self-report of maladaptive personality traits. Sixty-eight acutely depressed patients underwent the Structured Interview for DSM–III Personality Disorder (SIDP) before and after pharmacological treatment, allowing us to determine whether self-reported maladaptive personality traits are different during depression and after successful clinical recovery. After the initial SIDP administration (during an episode of major depression), patients received desipramine treatment (dose range 150–300 mg/day) over a course of 4–5 weeks before readministration of the SIDP. For those who recovered from their depression (n = 39), cluster III trait scores were significantly lower than those assessed at baseline, and there was a lower frequency of cluster III categorical diagnoses for a personality disorder after treatment than before treatment. Recovered patients also had significantly lower cluster I personality trait scores after treatment as compared with baseline ratings. For those who did not recover from their depression after treatment (n = 29), cluster I trait scores were in fact higher than those measured at baseline, but there were no differences in categorical diagnoses before and after treatment. Cluster II personality traits and categorical diagnoses were not different between those who did and did not recover from their depression. Thus, depression may have a significant effect on the assessment of cluster I and cluster III personality traits. It is possible that cluster I and III ‘personality traits’ may be interwoven with depressive features and therefore subject to state influences, whereas cluster II personality traits may entail enduring, long-term characteristic modes of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

scholarly journals Can we always trust rhinomanometry?

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Helle L. Thulesius ◽  
Anders Cervin ◽  
Max Jessen
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nasal Airway ◽  
Nasal Surgery ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nasal Stuffiness ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Active Anterior Rhinomanometry

Objectives: Rhinomanometry before and after decongestion distinguishes a nasal airway organic stenosis from congestion of nasal mucosa in patients with nasal stuffiness. Together with rhinoscopy and patient history, it is used to decide if nasal surgery would benefit the patient. Rhinomanometry measurements should thus be reliable and reproducible. Materials and methods: We performed repetitive active anterior rhinomanometry in 9 persons during 5 months to test reproducibility of nasal airway resistance (NAR) over time. We also did test-retest measurements in several participants. Xylometazoline hydrochloride was applied in each nasal cavity to minimize effects of mucosal variation and the nasal cavity was examined with rhinoscopy. The participants evaluated subjective nasal stuffiness on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: The long term mean coefficient of variation (CV) of NAR over time was 27% for the whole group while the short term CV was 7 - 17% for test-retest within an hour. Mean NAR reduction after decongestion was 33%, but 13% of NAR values were not reduced after decongestion. Participants had difficulties estimating stuffiness on a VAS in 15% of the assessments, but there was no correlation between the VAS estimates and NAR. Conclusion: We found a high NAR variation over a period of five months. This implies low long-term rhinomanometry reproducibility and we suggest future research on standardised decongestion to increase the reproducibility.

Abstract 2145: The Long-term Trajectory Of Functional Decline Before And After Stroke: The Northern Manhattan Study

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandip Dhamoon ◽  
Yeseon P Moon ◽  
Myunghee C Paik ◽  
Consuelo McLaughlin-Mora ◽  
Ralph L Sacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Over Time

Background: Previous research in our population showed a steeper long-term decline in functional status after first ischemic stroke among those with Medicaid or no insurance compared to those with Medicare or private insurance. With only post-stroke data, it was unknown whether these findings were caused by the stroke. We sought to compare the long-term trajectory of functional status before and after ischemic stroke. Methods: The Northern Manhattan Study contains a prospective, population-based study of stroke-free individuals >40 years of age, followed for a median of 10 years. The Barthel index (BI) was assessed annually. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess functional decline over time before and after stroke. The 6 months after stroke were ignored, since the course of recovery during this period is well documented, and our interest was the long-term course of functional status. Follow-up was censored at the time of recurrent stroke. Sociodemographic and medical risk factors were included and results were stratified by insurance status. Linearity of the curves was evaluated by plotting residuals against time and with a lowess curve. Results: Among 3298 participants, 261 had an ischemic stroke during follow-up, of which 51 died within 6 months of stroke. Among the remaining 210 participants, mean age at stroke (standard deviation) was 77+9 years, 38% were male, 52% were Hispanic, 37% had diabetes, and 31% had coronary artery disease. There was no difference in functional decline over time before and after stroke (p= 0.51), with a decline of 0.96 BI points per year before stroke (p<.0001) and 1.24 after stroke (p=0.001). However, when stratified by insurance status, among those with Medicaid or no insurance, in a fully adjusted model, there was a difference in slope before and after stroke (p=0.04), with a decline of 0.58 BI points per year before stroke (p=0.02) and 1.94 after stroke (p=0.001). Other predictors of worse functional status were increasing age, female sex, diabetes, and being married. Conclusion: In this large, prospective, population-based study with long-term follow-up, there was a significantly steeper decline in functional status after ischemic stroke compared to before stroke among those with Medicaid or no insurance, after adjusting for confounders. The cause of this differential decline is not known but may be related to poor control of risk factors, silent strokes, or an effect of socioeconomic status.

Loss of wetlands due to the expansion of polder in the Dongting Plain, China, AD 1368–1980

The Holocene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 646-656
Author(s):  
Yikai Li ◽  
Yu Ye ◽  
Xiuqi Fang ◽  
Chengpeng Zhang ◽  
Zhilong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Wetland Loss ◽  
Spatial Difference ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Wetland Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Times ◽  
Wetland Losses ◽  
Over Time

The Dongting Plain is an area characterized by wetland losses because of long-term polder construction. The study of historical polder expansion provides an opportunity to better understand the loss of wetlands covered by polders. To reconstruct the polder expansion over time, the polder patches extracted though remote sensing were marked with the names obtained from maps and the times of construction obtained from local gazetteers, and shown in the chronological order of turning points. Then, the distribution and changes in the wetlands covered by polders during 1368–1980 were reconstructed. The following are the major findings: (1) the current polders (2010s) accumulated over many centuries. There were 5.7% of the current polder area in 1644, 14.0% in 1735, 23.4% in 1850, 55.0% in 1911, 73.6% in 1949, and 100% in 1980; (2) the wetlands were mostly lost in the northern part of the region and declined rapidly over the past two centuries. The wetland area in 1850 was 6635 km2, which in 1911, 1949 and 1980 were 73.9%, 62.7% and 40.6% of that in 1850, respectively; (3) there were differences in the rate of wetland loss. The fastest time of wetland area disappearance was in 1949–1980, and 45.8 km2 of the wetlands had been lost each year; and (4) there was a spatial difference in wetland losses caused by polder expansion. In the northern part of the area, the wetland loss was mainly in 1851–1980, and the polders constructed in this period covered 89.5% of the polder area. In contrast, in the southern part of the area, the change in the wetland area was relatively small in each period, and the polder constructed before and after 1850 covered 48.3% and 52.7% of the polder area, respectively.

scholarly journals Larval zebrafish display dynamic learning of aversive stimuli in a constant visual surrounding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiale Xu ◽  
Romelo Casanave ◽  
Su Guo
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Interval Length ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dynamic Learning ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Learning Patterns ◽  
Stimulus Specificity

AbstractBalancing exploration and anti-predation are fundamental to the fitness and survival of all animal species from early life stages. How these basic survival instincts drive learning remains poorly understood. Here, employing a light/dark preference paradigm with well-controlled luminance history and constant visual surrounding in larval zebrafish, we analyzed intra- and inter-trial dynamics for two behavioral components, dark avoidance and center avoidance. We uncover that larval zebrafish display short-term learning of dark avoidance with initial sensitization followed by habituation; they also exhibit long-term learning that is sensitive to trial interval length. We further show that such stereotyped learning patterns is stimulus specific, as they are not observed for center avoidance. Finally, we demonstrate at individual levels that long-term learning is under homeostatic control. Together, our work has established a novel paradigm to understand learning, uncovered sequential sensitization and habituation, and demonstrated stimulus specificity, individuality, as well as dynamicity in learning.

Personality Traits, Depression and Migraine in Women: A Longitudinal Study

Cephalalgia ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Mongini ◽  
R Keller ◽  
A Deregibus ◽  
F Raviola ◽  
T Mongini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Depression Score ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Student’S T

Our purpose was to examine the association between personality traits, depression and migraine in the long term. In 56 women with migraine a psychological assessment was carried out to assess the presence of major depression, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were administered at baseline (T0) and after 6-7 years (T2). Frequency, severity and duration of migraine were recorded at T0, after treatment (T1) and at T2, and their relation to the prevalence of depression and to the MMPI and STAI data was examined (ANOVA, Student's t-test, X2 analysis, and multiple regression analysis). Pain parameters improved in all patients in T0-T1, but at T2 were higher in patients with depression at T0. The patients whose migraine improved at T2 had, at T0 and T2, significantly lower MMPI and STAI scores. Multiple regression analysis showed a correlation of the MMPI depression score and STAI 1,2 scores at T0 with headache frequency at T2. We conclude that the co-occurrence of migraine, personality changes and depression in women does not appear to influence the results of treatment at short-term, but it seems to be influential on headache history in the long term.

Partial Section of the Corpus Callosum: Focal Signs and Their Recovery

Neurosurgery ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Castro-Caldas ◽  
Patricia Poppe ◽  
João Lobo Antunes ◽  
Jorge Campos
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformation ◽  
Surgical Approach ◽  
Neuropsychological Evaluation ◽  
Posterior Half ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Over Time

Abstract A 30-year-old woman underwent surgical partial callosotomy (posterior half) for removal of an arteriovenous malformation. The patient submitted to neuropsychological evaluation before and after surgery for a period of 8 months. There was transient dysfunction attributable to disconnection of parietal, temporal, and occipital connections. Because the symptoms disappeared over time, we conclude that the transcallosal surgical approach can, in the long term, be considered a relatively harmless method.

Stable neuropsychiatric status in multiple sclerosis: a 3-year study

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumita Roy ◽  
Jonathan Rodgers ◽  
Allison S Drake ◽  
Robert Zivadinov ◽  
Bianca Weinstock-Guttman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Neo Five Factor Inventory ◽  
Over Time

Personality changes and neuropsychiatric symptoms are found in multiple sclerosis (MS), but no study has evaluated decline compared to healthy controls. This study assessed personality traits and neuropsychiatric symptoms over 3 years using the NEO Five Factor Inventory and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Additional metrics evaluated ambulation, manual dexterity and cognitive function. Contrary to hypothesis, patients showed no significant change in personality or neuropsychiatric status relative to controls. Patients were impaired in motor and cognitive function at baseline and follow-up, but showed only slowing in ambulation over time. The findings indicate that neuropsychiatric status is stable in MS over 3 years.

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