Background
Small fishes play fundamental roles in pelagic ecosystems, channelling energy and nutrients from primary producers to higher trophic levels. They support globally important fisheries in eastern boundary current ecosystems like the Humboldt Current System (HCS) of the SE Pacific (Chile and Peru), where fish catches are the highest in the world (per unit area). This production is associated with coastal upwelling where fisheries target small pelagic fishes including the Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens). The elevated biomass attained by small pelagics is thought to reflect their low trophic position in short/simple food chains. Despite their global importance, large gaps exist in our understanding of the basic ecology of these resources. For instance, there is an ongoing debate regarding the relative importance of phytoplankton versus animal prey in anchovy diet, and ecosystem models typically assign them a trophic position (TP) of ∼2, assuming they largely consume phytoplankton. Recent work based on both relative energetic content and stable isotope analysis (SIA) suggests that this value is too low, with δ15N values indicating that anchovy TP is ca. 3.5 in the Peruvian HCS.
Methods
We characterised the trophic ecology of adult anchovies (n = 30), their putative prey and carnivorous jack mackerel (n = 20) captured from N Chile. SIA (δ13C and δ15N) was used to estimate the relative contribution of different putative prey resources. δ15N was used to estimate population level trophic position.
Results
Anchovies showed little variability in δ13C (−18.7 to −16.1‰) but varied greatly in δ15N (13.8 to 22.8‰)—individuals formed two groups with low or high δ15N values. When considered as a single group, mixing models indicated that anchovy diet was largely composed of zooplankton (median contribution: 95% credibility limits), with major contributions of crustacean larvae (0.61: 0.37–0.77) and anchovy (preflexion) larvae (0.15: 0.02–0.34), and the assimilation of phytoplankton was negligible (0.05: 0–0.22). The modal (95% credibility limits) estimate of TP for the pooled anchovy sample was 3.23 (2.93–3.58), overlapping with recent SIA-based estimates from Peru. When the two δ15N groups were analysed separately, our results indicate that the lower δ15N group largely assimilated materials from crustacean larvae (0.73: 0.42–0.88), with a TP of 2.91 (2.62–3.23). Mixing models suggested high δ15N anchovies were cannibalistic, consuming anchovy preflexion larvae (0.55: 0.11–0.74). A carnivorous trophic niche was supported by high TP (3.79: 3.48–4.16), mirroring that of carnivorous juvenile jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi; 3.80: 3.51–4.14). Our results support recent conclusions regarding high TP values of anchovy from Peru and reveal new insights into their trophic behaviour. These results also highlight the existence of cryptic trophic complexity and ecosystem function in pelagic food webs, classically considered as simple.
Exploring variability in the diet of depredating sperm whales in the Gulf of Alaska through stable isotope analysis