scholarly journals Interest in non-social novel stimuli as a function of age in rhesus monkeys

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 182237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliza Bliss-Moreau ◽  
Mark G. Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Life Changes ◽  
Emotional Life ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Social Novel ◽  
The Face

Human cognitive and affective life changes with healthy ageing; cognitive capacity declines while emotional life becomes more positive and social relationships are prioritized. This may reflect an awareness of limited lifetime unique to humans, leading to a greater interest in maintaining social relationships at the expense of the non-social world in the face of limited cognitive and physical resources. Alternately, fundamental biological processes common to other primate species may direct preferential interest in social stimuli with increasing age. Inspired by a recent study that described a sustained interest in social stimuli but diminished interest in non-social stimuli in aged Barbary macaques, we carried out a conceptual replication to test whether old rhesus monkeys lost interest in non-social stimuli. Male and female macaques ( Macaca mulatta ; N = 243) 4–30 years old were tested with a food puzzle outfitted with an activity monitor to evaluate their propensity to manipulate the puzzle in order to free a food reward. We found no indication that aged monkeys were less interested in the puzzle than young monkeys, nor were they less able to solve it.

Married Life in the Middle Ages, 900-1300

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth van Houts
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Emotional Life ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Married Life ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This book contains an analysis of the experience of married life by men and women in Christian medieval Europe c. 900–1300. The focus will be on the social and emotional life of the married couple rather than on the institutional history of marriage. The book consists of three parts: the first part (Getting Married) is devoted to the process of getting married and wedding celebrations, the second part (Married Life) discusses the married life of lay couples and clergy, their sexuality, and any remarriage, while the third part (Alternative Living) explores concubinage and polygyny as well as the single life in contrast to monogamous sexual unions. Four main themes are central to the book. First, the tension between patriarchal family strategies and the individual family member’s freedom of choice to marry and, if so, to what partner; second, the role played by the married priesthood in their quest to have individual agency and self-determination accepted in their own lives in the face of the growing imposition of clerical celibacy; third, the role played by women in helping society accept some degree of gender equality and self-determination to marry and in shaping the norms for married life incorporating these principles; fourth, the role played by emotion in the establishment of marriage and in married life at a time when sexual and spiritual love feature prominently in medieval literature.

scholarly journals Optimism despite profound uncertainty: school and social relationships in adolescents with single ventricle heart disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Peterson ◽  
Ellen F. Olshansky ◽  
Yuqing Guo ◽  
Lorraine S. Evangelista ◽  
Nancy A. Pike
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Single Ventricle ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Psychosocial Sequelae ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Phenomenological Methodology ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
Uncertain Future

Abstract Background: Survivors of single ventricle heart disease must cope with the physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychosocial sequelae of their cardiac disease, which may also affect academic achievement and social relationships. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine the experiences of school and social relationships in adolescents with single ventricle heart disease. Methods: A descriptive phenomenological methodology was employed, utilising semi-structured interviews. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained via chart review. Results: Fourteen adolescents (aged 14 to 19 years) with single ventricle heart disease participated. Interviews ranged from 25 to 80 minutes in duration. Four themes emerged from the interviews, including “Don’t assume”: Pervasive ableism; “The elephant in the room”: Uncertain future; “Everyone finds something to pick on”: Bullying at school; “They know what I have been through”: Social support. The overall essence generated from the data was “optimism despite profound uncertainty.” Conclusions: Adolescents with single ventricle heart disease identified physical limitations and school challenges in the face of an uncertain health-related future. Despite physical and psychosocial limitations, most remained optimistic for the future and found activities that were congruent with their abilities. These experiences reflect “optimism despite profound uncertainty.”

Plato on Perception and ‘Commons’

1990 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
The Face

On the face of it, Plato's treatment of aisthesis is decidedly ambiguous. Sometimes he treats aisthesis as a faculty which, though distinct from all rational capacities, is nonetheless capable of forming judgments such as ‘This stick is bent’ or ‘The same thing is hard and soft’. In the Theaetetus, however, he appears to separate aisthesis from judgment, isolating the former from all prepositional, identificatory and recognitional capacities. The dilemma is easily expressed: Is perception a judgmental or cognitive capacity, or is it a non-judgmental, non-cognitive capacity? If the former, how does perception differ from belief? If the latter, is perception a faculty of the rational or irrational soul? Not surprisingly, the topic has received much scrutiny over the years. And equally unsurprisingly, the debate has turned as much on what it means for a capacity to be judgmental, cognitive, non-judgmental or non-cognitive, as on whether Plato says that it is of either kind.

Flowering at Sunset

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-184
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Qi
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Face ◽  
Private Matter ◽  
Mainstream Literature

Through an examination of remarriage and repartnering among the elderly, this chapter explores the occurrence of later-life cohabitation, the issues it raises for participants, and the intergenerational considerations it generates. Whereas the mainstream literature tends to treat remarriage or cohabitation among older persons as a private matter between the couples, the Chinese cases discussed in the chapter provide a contrasting perspective, in which the attitudes and expectations of adult children, especially regarding inheritance, but also in terms of the provision of eldercare, impact the cohabitation and remarriage decisions of the elderly. The chapter also identifies otherwise neglected aspects of social relationships, including concerns about the face of the persons directly involved, as well as more distant others.

scholarly journals Unconditional care from close maternal kin in the face of parasites

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 20190869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clémence Poirotte ◽  
Marie J. E. Charpentier
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Mandrillus Sphinx ◽  
The Face ◽  
Defence Strategy ◽  
Pathogen Exposure ◽  
Human Primate

Several species mitigate relationships according to their conspecifics' parasite status. Yet, this defence strategy comes with the costs of depriving individuals from valuable social bonds. Animals therefore face a trade-off between the costs of pathogen exposure and the benefits of social relationships. According to the models of social evolution, social bonds are highly kin-biased. However, whether kinship mitigates social avoidance of contagious individuals has never been tested so far. Here, we build on previous research to demonstrate that mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx ) modulate social avoidance of contagious individuals according to kinship: individuals do not avoid grooming their close maternal kin when contagious (parasitized with oro-faecally transmitted protozoa), although they do for more distant or non-kin. While individuals' parasite status has seldom been considered as a trait impacting social relationships in animals, this study goes a step beyond by showing that kinship balances the effect of health status on social behaviour in a non-human primate.

The Process of Exiting Vegetarianism: An Exploratory Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Menzies ◽  
Judy Sheeshka
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Life Changes ◽  
Life Choices ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
A Value ◽  
Central Food

Purpose: The experience, reasons, and contexts associated with leaving vegetarianism were explored. Methods: Interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 19 ex-vegetarians and 15 continuing vegetarians. Results: Exiting vegetarianism is similar to the process of leaving other important individual identities, including exiting diets containing meat. It is a process, not an event, and partially a response to inconvenience, particularly when the person's table companions were not vegetarians. Major life changes and declines in self-perceived health provided occasions to reassess life choices, including the vegetarian commitment. Ex-vegetarians interpreted their vegetarianism as a transition to a new, healthier diet. Including a comparison group of continuing vegetarians revealed that the ex-vegetarians were more likely to have become vegetarians as a result of concern about the well-being of animals and the environment, not animal rights, a value more difficult to compromise. Conclusions: Exiting processes show the five central food values of taste, health, time, cost, and social relationships undermine people's commitment to a diet chosen largely for moral reasons.

scholarly journals The microdynamics of social regulation: Comparing the navigation of disagreements in text-based online and face-to-face discussions

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 902-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla A. Roos ◽  
Tom Postmes ◽  
Namkje Koudenburg
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Social Regulation ◽  
Interpersonal Interaction ◽  
Message Content ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
The Face

This study explores how people navigate the field of tension between expressing disagreement and maintaining social relationships in text-based online as compared to face-to-face discussions. In face-to-face discussions, differences of opinion are socially regulated by introducing ambiguity in message content coupled with instant responding on a relational level. We hypothesized that online messages are less ambiguous and less responsive, both of which may hinder social regulation. Thirty-six groups of three unacquainted students discussed politically controversial statements via chat, video-chat (nonanonymous), and face-to-face, in a multilevel repeated measures Graeco-Latin square design. Content coding revealed that online discussions were relatively clear and unresponsive. This related to participants experiencing reduced conversational flow, less shared cognition, and less solidarity online. These results suggest that ambiguity and responsiveness enable people to maintain social relationships in the face of disagreement. This emphasizes the key role that subtle microdynamics in interpersonal interaction play in social regulation.

scholarly journals A resident-nepotistic-tolerant dominance style in wild white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica)?

Behaviour ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (9) ◽  
pp. 927-968
Author(s):  
Claudio de la O ◽  
Ines Fürtbauer ◽  
Andrew J. King ◽  
David Valenzuela-Galván
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Female Resident ◽  
Dominance Style ◽  
Nasua Narica ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Sources Of Variation

Abstract Dominance relationships imply consistent asymmetries in social relationships. Socioecological models predict that resource distribution determines the mode of competition that animals will face and, ultimately, the nature of their social relationships. Here, we provide the first systematic investigation of dominance style in white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica). Coatis live in cohesive female-resident groups, and have a diet based on clumped (fruits) and dispersed (insects) food items, which are predicted to favour despotic and egalitarian social styles, respectively. Our results revealed moderate linearity and steepness in dominance relationships over time, with variations attributed to stages of reproductive season, rather than presumed variations in food resources. Primary social bonds and coalitions were found to mediate dominance rank. Overall, our results suggest some similarities between coatis and despotic-tolerant primate species, at least under particular ecological circumstances, and we discuss their potential for affording a deeper understanding on the sources of variation in mammal social systems.

scholarly journals Flexible decision-making in grooming partner choice in sooty mangabeys and chimpanzees

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 172143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Mielke ◽  
Anna Preis ◽  
Liran Samuni ◽  
Jan F. Gogarten ◽  
Roman M. Wittig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Multiple Partner ◽  
Sooty Mangabeys

Living in permanent social groups forces animals to make decisions about when, how and with whom to interact, requiring decisions to be made that integrate multiple sources of information. Changing social environments can influence this decision-making process by constraining choice or altering the likelihood of a positive outcome. Here, we conceptualized grooming as a choice situation where an individual chooses one of a number of potential partners. Studying two wild populations of sympatric primate species, sooty mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys atys ) and western chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus ), we tested what properties of potential partners influenced grooming decisions, including their relative value based on available alternatives and the social relationships of potential partners with bystanders who could observe the outcome of the decision. Across 1529 decision events, multiple partner attributes (e.g. dominance ranks, social relationship quality, reproductive state, partner sex) influenced choice. Individuals preferred to initiate grooming with partners of similar global rank, but this effect was driven by a bias towards partners with a high rank compared to other locally available options. Individuals also avoided grooming partners who had strong social relationships with at least one bystander. Results indicated flexible decision-making in grooming interactions in both species, based on a partner's value given the local social environment. Viewing partner choice as a value-based decision-making process allows researchers to compare how different species solve similar social problems.

Taking the Smooth with the Rough: Texture, Emotion, and the Other Postmodernism

PMLA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pansy Duncan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Emotional Life ◽  
The Face

Postmodern aesthetics' vaunted hermeneutic flatness is routinely equated with emotional flatness. In large part, it is this equation that underpins postmodernism's fall from favor in the face of the critical humanities' recent turn to the analysis of affect and emotion. Through a close reading of David Cronenberg's paradigmatically postmodern film Crash (1996), however, this essay draws on a long-standing lamination of texture to emotion in order to undertake a radical reappraisal of postmodernism's emotional life—recoding postmodern aesthetics' notoriously flat, depthless surface as a richly textured plane that oscillates between the high polish of the glossy surface and the cragginess of the rough. In doing so, the essay argues not only that postmodern aesthetics is unexpectedly hospitable to emotions but also that an analysis of these emotions may help to reconfigure sedimented scholarly understandings of the relation between surface and depth, true emotion and false, critical “then” and critical “now.”

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