scholarly journals Network-driven differences in mobility and optimal transitions among automatable jobs

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 182124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan D. Dworkin
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Network Science ◽  
Job Transitions ◽  
Job Growth ◽  
New Jobs

The potential for widespread job automation has become an important topic of discussion in recent years, and it is thought that many American workers may need to learn new skills or transition to new jobs to maintain stable positions in the workforce. Because workers’ existing skills may make such transitions more or less difficult, the likelihood of a given job being automated only tells part of the story. As such, this study uses network science and statistics to investigate the links between jobs that arise from their necessary skills, knowledge and abilities. The resulting network structure is found to enhance the burden of automation within some sectors while lessening the burden in others. Additionally, a model is proposed for quantifying the expected benefit of specific job transitions. Its optimization reveals that the consideration of shared skills yields better transition recommendations than automatability and job growth alone. Finally, the potential benefit of increasing individual skills is quantified, with respect to facilitating both job transitions and within-occupation skill redefinition. Broadly, this study presents a framework for measuring the links between jobs and demonstrates the importance of these links for understanding the complex effects of automation.

scholarly journals A Formula For Job Creation: Tax Law Changes For Small Businesses

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia T. Papachristou ◽  
James O. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Job Growth ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
New Jobs ◽  
Tax Cuts

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Bush tax cuts in 2001 (Economic Growth and Taxpayer Relief Reconciliation Act, (EGTRRA) and in 2003 (Job Growth and Taxpayer Relief Reconciliation Act, JGTRRA) are touted as providing an aid to the economy's recovery and job creation. The data shows that George Bush's first administration had the most anemic job expansion in decades and actually saw negative net jobs created. We advocate four tax changes for small businesses that would postpone the timing of taxes and make it easier for small businesses to survive. As small businesses provide more than two-thirds of the net new jobs created each year, insuring their sustainability will go a long way to foster small business expansion and more job growth among suppliers. Currently a third of new small businesses fail within their first two years and the failure rate exceeds 60 percent by the end of the sixth year. These tax proposals for small businesses resemble &ldquo;laser surgery&rdquo; for the economy instead of the &ldquo;chemotherapy&rdquo; of tax cuts for the whole economy. These proposals focus where two-thirds or more of new jobs are created each year and will help small businesses manage their cash flow more effectively and encourage their long term sustainability. It is time for Congress to enact measures that help provide small businesses with a source of capital rather than draining them of the vital cash that they need. Such measures would not require government handouts or loans but, rather, would for the most part, merely entail postponing the taxation of business profits so long as those profits remained in the business to help insure its survival and growth.</span></span></p>

Structures in Complex Bipartite Networks

2009 ◽  
pp. 176-189
Author(s):  
Sune Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Network Science ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Information Networks ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Bipartite Networks ◽  
Overlapping Communities ◽  
Network Communities ◽  
The Future

A network structure of nodes and links is an informative way to study information systems. The network representation is valuable because it encodes the structure of the data. This chapter reviews recent advances in the field of network science with an emphasis on describing the structure of information networks. The author argues that bipartite networks constitute an important class of networks, and describes a method for detecting overlapping communities in bipartite networks. The author discusses the relevance of network communities to the future of organizing and understanding large datasets.

Analysis and Visualization of Japanese Law Networks Based on Granular Computing -Visual Law: Visualization System of Japanese Law-

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-154
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Toyota ◽  
◽  
Hajime Nobuhara
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Granular Computing ◽  
Network Science ◽  
Closeness Centrality ◽  
Network Visualization ◽  
Hierarchical Network ◽  
Hierarchical Networks ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Japanese Law

In order to grasp a perspective of the over 7,000 laws in Japan, and to find the relationships between law and laws, a method of creating a hierarchical network of laws using granular computing, is proposed. The proposed method analyze hierarchical networks by using an index of network science such as degree distribution and closeness centrality. Furthermore, it visualizes the hierarchical structure within the setting of granular computing. Using the JAVA-based language ‘Prefuse,’ a law network visualization system ‘Visual Law’ is implemented, and it is confirmed that users can easily analyze/understand the law network structure using our proposal.

scholarly journals Musings of a serial entrepreneur‐ reconciling theory with practice

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Levangie
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Serial Entrepreneur ◽  
Innovative Process ◽  
Job Growth ◽  
Growth Economic ◽  
New Jobs ◽  
Business Formation

To reminisce about my entrepreneurial career with appropriate self-importance, I might note that I have helped create companies and jobs. This contributes in a small way to economic growth. Economic growth is, however, an often illusive concept to characterize. Job growth is an essential component of a dynamic, innovative process. In the late 1970s jobs growth research suggested that the vast majority of new jobs are created by small business formation. Such empirical research is difficult to support with theoretical constructs. Classic macroeconomics analysis discounts size-offirm as irrelevant. Entrepreneurial contribution is therefore difficult to assess.

scholarly journals The Employment Effects of State Hiring Credits

ILR Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1111-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Neumark ◽  
Diego Grijalva
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Job Growth ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
New Jobs ◽  
Recession Period

State and federal policymakers grappling with the aftermath of the Great Recession sought ways to spur job creation, in many cases adopting hiring credits to encourage employers to create new jobs. Virtually no evidence is available, however, on the effects of these kinds of counter-recessionary hiring credits, with the only evidence coming from much earlier studies of the federal New Jobs Tax Credit in the 1970s. This article provides evidence on the effects of state hiring credits on job growth. Some specific types of hiring credits—including those targeting the unemployed, those that allow states to recapture credits when job creation goals are not met, and refundable hiring credits—appear to have succeeded in boosting job growth, particularly during the Great Recession period and perhaps also during recessions in general. At the same time, some evidence suggests that these credits can generate much more hiring than net employment growth, consistent with the credits encouraging churning of employees that raises the cost of producing jobs through hiring credits.

scholarly journals CINNA: An R/CRAN package to decipher Central Informative Nodes in Network Analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoo Ashtiani ◽  
Mehdi Mirzaie ◽  
Mohieddin Jafari
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Dimensional Reduction ◽  
Network Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Topological Features ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Centrality Analysis

AbstractIn network science, usually there is a critical step known as centrality analysis. This is an important step, since by using centrality measures, a large number of vertices with low priority are set aside and only a few ones remain to be used for further inferential outcomes. In the other words, these measures help us to sieve our large network and distinguish coarse vertices. By that, important decisions could be made based on the circumstances of these vertices on the overall behavior of networks. These vertices are potentially assumed as central or essential nodes. However, the centrality analysis has always been accompanied by a series of ambiguities, since there are a large number of well-known centrality measures, with different algorithms pointing to these essential nodes and there is no well-defined preference. Which measure explore more information in a given network about node essentiality according to the topological features? While here, we tried to provide a pipeline to have a comparison among all proper centrality measures regarding the network structure and choose the most informative one according to dimensional reduction methods. Central Informative Nodes in Network Analysis (CINNA) package is prepared to gather all required function for centrality analysis in the weighted/unweighted and directed/undirected networks.Availability and implementationCINNA is available in CRAN, including a tutorial. URL: https://cran.r-proiect.org/web/packages/CINNA/index.htmlContact:[email protected]

SQUEEZING THE ASIAN ENTREPRENEURIAL ENGINE: THE IMPACT OF THE CREDIT SQUEEZE ON SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURIAL JOB CREATION IN ASIA

2000 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 141-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS HALL
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Job Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Jobs

Firms in Japan, China, Indonesia, Korea, and most of the rest of Asia, are now facing a prolonged period of very tight credit. Because many banks in the region need to increase their capital adequacy ratios and reduce their risk exposure, most are now unwilling to lend to small, fast growing firms. However, mounting evidence from OECD suggests that the bulk of net job creation comes from a relatively small proportion of fast growing SMEs. The ability to create new jobs will be especially important in Asia in the coming years, and it is unlikely that government infrastructure projects and large firms will be able to provide the job growth required.

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