scholarly journals Efficacy of environmental DNA to detect and quantify stream tadpoles of Odorrana splendida

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 181798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Iwai ◽  
Kiyomi Yasumiba ◽  
Teruhiko Takahara
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Relationship Patterns ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Lotic Systems ◽  
Frog Species ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Relationship

Environmental DNA (eDNA) can be used to detect and estimate the density of rare or secretive species, especially in aquatic systems. However, the efficacy of eDNA method has not been validated in lotic systems. We examined the efficacy of the eDNA method to detect and estimate abundance and biomass of a stream-dwelling frog species, Odorrana splendida . We conducted eight field surveys over 2 years and obtained 53 water samples from 10 streams with known distribution of O. splendida tadpoles. The eDNA method accurately detected the presence of O. splendida in 79.2% of survey samples. The amount of O. splendida eDNA (copies s −1 ) in the water samples fluctuated seasonally and each site showed different peaks during different seasons. The relationship between the abundance or biomass of tadpoles and the amount of eDNA was significantly positive, but was not strong, probably because of a large difference in the relationship patterns among streams. In lotic systems, water flow might prevent even distribution of eDNA and thus make it difficult to obtain eDNA reflecting its total amount in the water. Sampling a larger amount of water or higher number of subsamples might more accurately reflect the presence and absolute amount of eDNA in water.

scholarly journals Environmental DNA facilitates accurate, indigenous-led, inexpensive, and multi-year population estimates of millions of Eulachon fish

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Pochardt ◽  
Jennifer M. Allen ◽  
Ted Hart ◽  
Sophie D. L. Miller ◽  
Douglas W. Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAlthough environmental DNA shed from an organism is now widely used for species detection in a wide variety of contexts, mobilizing environmental DNA for management requires estimation of population size and trends rather than simply assessing presence or absence. However, the efficacy of environmental-DNA-based indices of abundance for long-term population monitoring have not yet been assessed. Here we report on the relationship between six years of mark-recapture population estimates for eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) and ‘eDNA rates,’ which are calculated from the product of stream flow and DNA concentration. Eulachon are a culturally and biologically important anadromous fish that have significantly declined in the southern part of their range but were historically rendered into oil and traded. Both the peak eDNA rate and the area under the curve of the daily eDNA rate were highly predictive of the mark-recapture population estimate, explaining 84.96% and 92.53% of the deviance respectively. Even in the absence of flow correction, the peak of the daily eDNA concentration explained an astonishing 89.53% while the area under the curve explained 90.74% of the deviance. These results support the use of eDNA to monitor eulachon population trends and represent a >80% cost savings over mark-recapture, which could be further increased with automated water sampling, reduced replication, and focused temporal sampling. Due to its logistical ease and affordability, eDNA sampling can facilitate monitoring a larger number of rivers and in remote locations where mark-recapture is infeasible.

Detection of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) by environmental DNA: is eDNA adequate for reptiles?

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Raemy ◽  
Sylvain Ursenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Emys Orbicularis ◽  
Pond Turtle ◽  
Artificial Ponds ◽  
Specific Species

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of combining molecular technologies with environmental sampling to detect various vertebrate species in aquatic ecosystems. The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) is a threatened and elusive aquatic reptile with shy behaviour. We aimed to develop and evaluate a methodology to detect the presence of this secretive aquatic reptile in ponds from environmental water samples. First, we determined that reptilian DNA can be isolated and amplified from water samples in artificial and natural ponds with known turtle density. Then we compared the potential of two water sampling methods (through filtration or precipitation) and found no significant differences between these approaches. Finally, we demonstrated that the eDNA concentration detected is not correlated with the number of E. orbicularis individuals or biomass. Detection of eDNA was higher in artificial ponds with small volumes of water or in the shallow waters of natural ponds. The eDNA-based methodology aims to detect the presence of specific species, even at low density, with better accuracy than visual observation. However, our study indicates that this method of population monitoring should be applied with caution to aquatic reptiles.

scholarly journals Quinoa for the Brazilian Cerrado: Agronomic Characteristics of Elite Genotypes under Different Water Regimes

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1591
Author(s):  
Patrícia Carvalho da Silva ◽  
Walter Quadros Ribeiro Junior ◽  
Maria Lucrecia Gerosa Ramos ◽  
Sonia Maria Costa Celestino ◽  
Alberto do Nascimento Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Agronomic Characteristics ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Relationship

Quinoa stands out as an excellent crop in the Cerrado region for cultivation in the off-season or irrigated winter season. Here, we tested the effects of different water regimes on the agronomic characteristics, physiology, and grain quality of different elite quinoa genotypes under field conditions. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina, DF, Brazil). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed of 18 quinoa genotypes and modified BRS Piabiru (the currently used genotype), and the split-plots were divided into 4 different water regimes. The following variables were evaluated: productivity and productivity per unit of applied water (PUAA), plant height, flavonoids, anthocyanins, gas exchange, chlorophyll, leaf proline, and relative water content. Our results showed that water regimes between 309 and 389 mm can be recommended for quinoa in the Cerrado region. CPAC6 and CPAC13 presented the highest yield and PUAA under high and intermediate WRs, and hence were the most suitable for winter growth under irrigation. CPAC17 is most suitable for off-season growth under rainfed conditions, as it presented the highest PUAA under the low WRs (247 and 150). CPAC9 stood out in terms of accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins in all WRs. Physiological analyses revealed different responses of the genotypes to water restriction, together with symptoms of stress under lower water regimes. Our study reinforces the importance of detailed analyses of the relationship between productivity, physiology, and water use when choosing genotypes for planting and harvest in different seasons.

scholarly journals The impact of regular sperm donation on bulls’ seminal plasma hormonal profile and phantom response

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Kowalczyk ◽  
Elżbieta Gałęska ◽  
Ewa Czerniawska-Piątkowska ◽  
Anna Szul ◽  
Leszek Hebda
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Sperm Donation ◽  
Hormonal Profile ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Day Of The Week ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the concentration of hormones in the seminal plasma, the bull maintenance system in the insemination station, and the regularity of sperm donation and the response to the phantom (libido level). An additional goal was to determine whether there is a relationship between the hormonal profile in the blood, the sperm plasma, the oxidative and antioxidant profile in the blood of bulls and the biometry of their testicles and scrotum, as well as the quality of their sperm in both different seasons and intensities of reproductive use. For the study, 220 healthy and sexually mature Polish Holstein–Friesian bulls were used. They all had normal libido and were fed equally. The animals were grouped according to the scheme: young (16–20 month/n = 60) and old (26–30 month/n = 60) including: individually housed (n = 30) and group housed (n = 30) young, old individually housed (n = 30) and group housed (n = 30) (n total animals = 120); young animals donating semen once a week (every Thursday) (n = 25) and sporadically (once every two months on a random day of the week) (n = 25), old animals donating semen once a week (every Thursday) (n = 25 ) and sporadic donors (once every two months on a random day of the week) (n = 25) (n total animals = 100). When analyzing the results of this study, it should be stated that regular use has a positive effect on the secretion of sex hormones in bulls. Higher levels of testosterone and lower levels of estradiol and prostaglandins resulted in higher sexual performance, expressed by a stronger response to the phantom. The differences in favor of regular use were independent of the bull's age. The results of our research illustrate that the quality of semen and its freezing potential may depend on the season and frequency of its collection, as well as on the age of the males.

Statistical analysis and modeling to examine the exterior and interior building damage pertaining to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake

2021 ◽  
pp. 875529302110354
Author(s):  
Haoyi Xiu ◽  
Takayuki Shinohara ◽  
Masashi Matsuoka ◽  
Munenari Inoguchi ◽  
Ken Kawabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake ◽  
Damage Grade ◽  
Damage Grades ◽  
Distinct Stage ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Post Disaster

After an earthquake occurs, field surveys are conducted by relevant authorities to assess the damage suffered by buildings. The field survey is essential as it ensures the safety of residents and provides the necessary information to local authorities for post-disaster recovery. In Japan, a primary (mandatory) exterior survey is conducted first, and a secondary (voluntary) interior survey is performed subsequently if the residents request a reinvestigation. However, a major challenge associated with field surveys is the substantial time cost of determining the damage grades. Moreover, an interior survey is performed only after receiving the reinvestigation request from occupants, which further delays the decision-making process. In addition, the risk of incorrect damage estimation during the exterior survey must be considered because underestimating the damage can endanger the residents. Therefore, in this study, a three-part analysis (Parts I–III), where each part corresponds to a distinct stage of the standard damage assessment procedure, was performed to characterize the relationship between the building parameters and damage grades at different stages. To further explore the possibility of accelerating decision-making, predictive modeling was performed in each part. The Part I results indicate that estimating the final damage grade for all buildings immediately after the exterior survey is similar to treating the exterior survey results as the final ones. The Part II results show that buildings that potentially require an interior survey can be predicted with reasonable accuracy after the exterior survey. In buildings for which reinvestigations have been requested, Part III demonstrates that the risk of underestimation in the exterior survey can be predicted reliably.

scholarly journals Temporal trends and variation in out-of-pocket expenditures and patient cost sharing: evidence from a Chinese national survey 2011–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicky Mengqi Qin ◽  
Yuting Zhang ◽  
Kee Seng Chia ◽  
Barbara McPake ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Cost Sharing ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Financial Protection ◽  
Patient Cost ◽  
Older Chinese ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives This study aims to examine: (1) temporal trends in the percentage of cost-sharing and amount of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) from 2011 to 2015; (2) factors associated with cost-sharing and OOPE; and (3) the relationships between province-level economic development and cost-sharing and OOPE in China. Setting A total of 10,316 adults aged ≥45 years from China followed-up from 2011 to 2015 were included in the analysis. We measured two main outcome variables: (1) patient cost sharing, measured by the percentage of OOPE as total healthcare expenditure, and (2) absolute amount of OOPE. Results Based on self-reported data, we did not find substantial differences in the percentage of cost sharing, but a significant increase in the absolute amount of OOPE among the middle-aged and older Chinese between 2011 and 2015. The percentage of cost-sharing was considerably higher for outpatient than inpatient care, and the majority paid more than 80% of the total cost for prescription drugs. Provinces with higher GDP per capita tend to have lower cost-sharing and a higher OOPE than their counterparts, but the relationship for OOPE became insignificant after adjusting for individual factors. Conclusion Reducing out-of-pocket expenditure and patient cost sharing is required to improve financial protection from illness, especially for those with those with chronic conditions and reside in less developed regions in China. Ongoing monitoring of financial protection using data from various sources is warranted.

scholarly journals Seasonal Shifts in Cold Tolerance and the Composition of the Gut Microbiome of Dendroctonus valens LeConte Occur Concurrently

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 888
Author(s):  
Zehai Hou ◽  
Yaxin Dong ◽  
Fengming Shi ◽  
Yabei Xu ◽  
Sixun Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Dendroctonus Valens ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Seasonal Shifts

Dendroctonus valens LeConte, an invasive bark beetle, has caused severe damage in pine forests and has the potential to disperse into new geographic ranges in China. Although the gut microbiota of D. valens and its fundamental role in host fitness have been investigated widely, little is known about the relationship between the seasonal shifts of both cold tolerance and the gut microbiome of D. valens during overwintering, which occurs at the larval stage. In this study, to examine seasonal variations in the composition of the microbiome, we collected D. valens larvae in September (autumn), January (winter), and May (spring), and then analyzed the bacterial and fungal communities of the gut via sequencing of partial 16S rRNA and ITS genes. In addition, changes in the supercooling capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities of D. valens larvae collected in the different seasons were evaluated. Overwintering resulted in changes to microbial communities. In particular, the abundances of Enterobacter, Serratia, Erwinia, and Klebsiella decreased during overwintering. Concurrent with these changes, the cold tolerance of D. valens larvae was enhanced during overwintering, and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase were reduced. We hypothesize that seasonal shifts in the gut microbiome may be connected to changes in cold tolerance and antioxidant enzyme activity in D. valens. It will be worthwhile to confirm whether seasonal changes in the microbiome contribute to the success of host overwintering.

scholarly journals Stable Carbon and Sulfur Isotope Characteristics of Stream Water in a Typical Karst Small Catchment, Southwest China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
Yang Tang ◽  
Ruiyin Han
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Δ13c Value ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Sources Of Solutes ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Surface water samples from the Maolan National Natural Reserved Park (MNNRP) were analyzed from Sept. 2013 to June 2014, for major ion concentrations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−), δ13C-DIC and δ34S-SO42− to quantify the sources of solutes and chemical weathering. The results show that HCO3− and SO42− are the main anions in Banzhai watershed, which account for 86.2 and 10.4% of the total anion equivalent, respectively. While Ca2+ and Mg2+ account for 76.9 and 20.5%, respectively. Considerable Mg2+ in stream water indicates that it may be affected by dolomite weathering. stream water samples present the δ13C-DIC values in the range of −16.9‰~−10.8‰ (mean value was −13.9‰), which were lower than that of the groundwater. The δ34S-SO42− values ranged from −15.2‰ to 1.7‰ (mean value was −4.4‰). There was a negative correlation between HCO3− content and δ13C value, implying the result of the interaction of temperature and precipitation intensity in different seasons. The significant positive correlation between SO42− content and δ13C-DIC indicates that H2SO4 may be involved in the weathering process of carbonate rocks in small watershed scale. The content of SO42− in a school sample site was much higher than that of other sample sites for the interference from human sources. The δ34S values show that the average δ34S-SO42− in most sites is close to the δ34S isotopic values of Guizhou coal and rain, indicating that they may be affected by local coal.

Past and recent biodiversity profiling in ancient Lake Chalco Mexico by a metagenomics analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Moguel ◽  
Liseth Pérez ◽  
Luis David Alcaraz ◽  
Socorro Lozano-García ◽  
Luis Herrera-Estrella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mexican Volcanic Belt ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Throughput Dna Sequencing ◽  
High Altitude Lake ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Relationship

<p>For decades, paleoecological studies in lake sediments have focused on reconstructing the environments of the past and explaining phenomena linked to climatic variations. Recent advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have allowed access to environmental DNA (eDNA) and ancient sedimentary DNA (sedaDNA) as a new and efficient proxy for past and present biodiversity. The basin of Mexico (BM) is located in the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt at 2,200 m a.s.l.; with the southern portion harboring the Chalco sub-basin. Lake Chalco is one of the last remaining natural aquatic ecosystems within the ever-expanding urban area surrounding Mexico City. The paleoenvironmental history of this lake has been previously characterized using sedimentological and geochemical proxies, as well as preserved microfossils (diatoms, pollen) with a temporal framework based on multiple radiocarbon dates. However, information for the remaining taxonomic groups and metabolic pathways remained unexplored. Here, we present the first metagenomics-based study for the Holocene in a high-altitude lake in Central Mexico –Lake Chalco. We explored the relationship between the lake’s paleoenvironmental condition and estimations of taxonomic and metabolic profiles across the sedimentary sequence (2.5 meters long). Multiple biological and abiotic variables revealed three main environmental phases: 1) a cool freshwater lake (FW1: 11,500-11,000 cal years BP), 2) a warm hyposaline lake (HS2: 11,000-6,000 cal years BP), and 3) a temperate, subsaline lake (SS3, <6,000 cal years BP). We describe the structure of the microbiota community and taxonomy richness turnover in the three Holocene paleoenvironmental phases. During the past 12 000 years BP the most abundant domains in Lake Chalco sediments were Bacteria, followed by Archaea, and Eukarya (36,722 genera). The analysis of functional proteins showed high biodiversity with a total of 27,636,243 proteins identified, but it was only possible to annotate 3,227,398 of them. Also, we identified several genes associated with some relevant pathways, such as methanogenesis. Altogether, this study allowed us to reconstruct the natural history of lake Chalco and its surroundings.</p>

scholarly journals Analisis Hubungan Kelimpahan Plankton di Permukaan Terhadap Hasil Tangkapan Ikan Lemuru (Sardinella lemuru) di Selat Bali

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Hasanuddin Parulian Sihombing ◽  
I Gede Hendrawan ◽  
Yulianto Suteja
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Phytoplankton Abundance ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Area Sampling ◽  
The Relationship

Lemuru fish is one of fishery commodity that has high economical value and one of fish that most catched by fisherman in Bali Strait. Lemuru fish had been caught in Bali Strait was fluctuating every month and every years. This condition was related with food source of Lemuru fish such as phytoplankton and zooplankton. So this research was conducted to explained the relationship phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance with Lemuru fish catched  in Bali strait. This study focus in Bali strait during March until May 2017. Determination of sampling point used area sampling method while water sampling occured in surface water with pouring method. Total of phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance in Bali strait in March until May had formed the sinusoidal model with their abundance ranged 301 ind/L – 604 ind/L and 7 ind/L – 12 ind/L. Plankton abundance in Bali strait in March until May (transisonal season 1) was categorized low abundance if compared with plankton abundance in another season. The low value of phytoplankton abundance caused by non upwelling phenomenon and grazing process and the low abundance of zooplankton caused by low rate of zooplankton and predation by Lemuru fish. Phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance had  strong relationship with Lemuru fish catched with correlation coefficient value 0.76 and 0.69. This condition caused by phytoplankton and zooplankton are source of Lemuru fish food.

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